MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Nephrotic syndrome Correct Answer: characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Correct Answer: Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis). Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental Correct Answer: When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected. Glomerulonephritis Correct Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms. Nephritic syndrome Correct Answer: Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation. 1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor Correct Answer: refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule. sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor Correct Answer: refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis. necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor Correct Answer: refers to cellular death. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Also called beni