Acid-Base Balance (2022/2023) Rated A+

Acid-Base Balance (2022/2023) Rated A+ Respiratory acidosis pH low, PaCO2 high, K+ high. compensated by HCO3 high to bring pH to normal Metabolic acidosis pH low, HCO3 low, K+ high compensated by PaCO2 low Respiratory alkalosis pH high, PaCO2 low, K+ low. compensated by HCO3 low to bring pH to normal Metabolic alkalosis pH high, HCO3 high, K+ low compensated by PaCO2 high Buffer system CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H(+) + HCO3 What causes Metabolic alkalosis? loss of hydrogen ions or acids or an excess of base bicarbonate For example: -hypovolemia, -the loss of gastric fluid via NG suction or vomitting, -excessive bicarbonate intake, -massive transfusion of whole blood, -hyperaldosteronism. The nurse reviews the arterial blood gas results of a client and notes the following: pH 7.45, Paco2 of 30 mm Hg (30 mm Hg), and HCO3- of 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L). The nurse analyzes these results as indicating which condition? Respiratory alkalosis, compensated The nurse is caring for a client with a nasogastric tube that is attached to low suction. The nurse monitors the client for manifestations of which disorder that the client is at risk for? Metabolic alkalosis A client with a 3-day history of nausea and vomiting presents to the emergency department. The client is hypoventilating and has a respiratory rate of 10 breaths/minute. The electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor displays tachycardia, with a heart rate of 120 beats/minute. Arterial blood gases are drawn and the nurse reviews the results, expecting to note which finding? An increased pH and an increased HCO3- because Nausea & vomiting will cause H+ loss = increased pH. It's Metabolic alkalosis = increased HCO3- The nurse is caring for a client having respiratory distress related to an anxiety attack. Recent arterial blood gas values are pH = 7.53, Pao2 = 72 mm Hg (72 mm Hg), Paco2 = 32 mmHg (32 mm Hg), and HCO3- = 28 mEq/L (28 mmol/L). Which conclusion about the client should the nurse make? The client is probably hyperventilating. The nurse is caring for a client with diabetic ketoacidosis and documents that the client is experiencing Kussmaul's respirations. Which patterns did the nurse observe? Select all that apply. Respirations that are increased in rate. Respirations that are abnormally deep A client who is found unresponsive has arterial blood gases drawn and the results indicate the following: pH is 7.12, Paco2 is 90 mm Hg (90 mm Hg), and HCO3- is 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L). The nurse interprets the results as indicating which condition? Respiratory acidosis without compensation The nurse notes that a client's arterial blood gas (ABG) results reveal a pH of 7.50 and a Paco2 of 30 mm Hg (30 mm Hg). The nurse monitors the client for which clinical manifestations associated with these ABG results? Select all that apply. Nausea Confusion Tachycardia Lightheadedness The nurse reviews the blood gas results of a client with atelectasis. The nurse analyzes the results and determines that the client is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which result validates the nurse's findings? pH 7.25, Paco2 50 mm Hg (50 mm Hg) The nurse is caring for a client who is on a mechanical ventilator. Blood gas results indicate a pH of 7.50 and a Paco2 of 30 mm Hg (30 mm Hg). The nurse has determined that the client is experiencing respiratory alkalosis. Which laboratory value would most likely be noted in this condition? Potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L (3.0 mmol/L) The nurse is caring for a client with several broken ribs. The client is most likely to experience what type of acid-base imbalance? Respiratory acidosis from inadequate ventilation The nurse reviews the arterial blood gas results of an assigned client and notes that the laboratory report indicates a pH of 7.30, Paco2 of 58 mm Hg, Pao2 of 80 mm Hg, and Hco3 of 27 mEq/L (27 mmol/L). The nurse interprets that the client has which acid-base disturbance? Respiratory acidosis A client with a history of lung disease is at risk for developing respiratory acidosis. The nurse should assess the client for which signs and symptoms characteristic of this disorder? Headache, restlessness, Lethargy, confusion, drowsiness. hyperkalemia; rapid, irregular pulse; and dysrhythmias The nurse is reviewing the arterial blood gas analysis results for a client in the respiratory care unit who is receiving nasal oxygen and notes a pH of 7.38 (7.38), Paco2 of 38 mm Hg (38 mm Hg), Pao2 of 86 mm Hg (86 mm Hg), and HCO3 of 23 mEq/L (23 mmol/L). What action should the nurse take in response to these results? Continue monitoring the client. A client's blood gas results reveal acidosis. What are some signs and symptoms the nurse would expect to see? Select all that apply. Lethargy, headache, weakness, confusion The nurse is reviewing the arterial blood gas values of a client and notes that the pH is 7.31 (7.31), Paco2 is 50 mm Hg (50 mm Hg), and the bicarbonate (HCO3) level is 26 mEq/L (26 mmol/L). The nurse concludes that which acid-base disturbance is present in this client? Respiratory acidosis Arterial blood gas analysis yields the following results: pH 7.48 (7.48), Paco2 32 mm Hg (32 mm Hg), Pao2 94 mm Hg (94 mm Hg), HCO3 level 24 mEq/L (24 mmol/L) for a client seen in the health care clinic. The nurse interprets that the client has which acid-base disturbance? Respiratory alkalosis The nurse is caring for a client whose arterial blood gas results reveal alkalosis. What client reactions would the nurse expect to see? Select all that apply. Tetany, Tingling, Numbness, Restlessness. Same as Hypokalemia. An anxious preoperative client is at risk for developing respiratory alkalosis. The nurse should assess the client for which signs and symptoms characteristic of this disorder? Lightheadedness and paresthesias Same as Hypokalemia The nurse is performing a change-of-shift assessment on a client. The client had an arterial blood gas specimen drawn during an admission workup on the previous day and has a hematoma at the puncture site. What is the priority nursing intervention? Apply a warm compress to enhances the absorption of blood in the hematoma A client has a prescription for a set of arterial blood gas (ABG) samples to be drawn on room air. The client currently is receiving oxygen by nasal cannula at a delivery rate of 3 L/min. After reading the prescription, the nurse should take which action? Remove the nasal cannula for 15 minutes; then have the ABG samples drawn. A client experiencing metabolic acidosis is to be admitted to the nursing unit. The nurse plans care knowing that what reaction is the most powerful regulator of acid-base balance? Kidney The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis. The nurse plans care knowing that most problems of metabolic alkalosis are related to increased stimulation of what systems? Select all that apply. Cardiac, Nervous, Neuromuscular The nurse is caring for a client who is retaining carbon dioxide (CO2) as a result of an obstructive respiratory disease. The nurse plans interventions knowing that as the client's CO2 level rises, what will occur with the blood pH? Blood pH will Fall The nurse is planning to obtain blood for arterial blood gas analysis from a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The nurse should plan time for which activity after the arterial blood specimen is drawn? Applying pressure to the puncture site by applying a 2 × 2 gauze for 5 minutes A client with diabetes mellitus has a blood glucose level of 644 mg/dL (35.7 mmol/L). The nurse plans care knowing that the client is at risk for the development of which type of acid-base imbalance? Metabolic acidosis. Glucose high, body break them down. End product is acidotic. A client is diagnosed with respiratory alkalosis induced by gram-negative sepsis. The nurse should plan to carry out which prescribed measure as the most effective means to treat the problem? Administer prescribed antibiotics. The most effective way to treat an acid-base disorder is to treat the underlying cause of the disorder. In this case, the problem is sepsis, which is most effectively treated with antibiotic therapy. The nurse is caring for a client with chronic kidney disease. Arterial blood gas results indicate a pH of 7.30 (7.30), a Paco2 of 32 mm Hg (32 mm Hg), and a bicarbonate concentration of 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L). Which laboratory value should the nurse expect to note? Potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L (5.2 mmol/L) The client tells the nurse that he ingests large amounts of oral antacids on a daily basis. The nurse plans care knowing that the excessive use of oral antacids containing bicarbonate can result in which acid-base disturbance? Metabolic alkalosis The nurse reviews the arterial blood gas results of an assigned client and notes that the laboratory report indicates a pH of 7.30 (7.30), a Paco2 of 58 mm Hg (58 mm Hg), a Pao2 of 80 mm Hg (80 mm Hg), and an HCO3 of 26 mEq/L (26 mmol/L). The nurse should interpret this to mean that the client has which acid-base disturbance? Respiratory acidosis The client with a history of lung disease is at risk for developing respiratory acidosis. The nurse asks this client about which symptoms that are characteristic of this disorder? Do you have a headache or become confused? The nurse is caring for a client with respiratory failure related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. The nurse plans care knowing that what other extrapulmonary causes can lead to respiratory failure? Select all that apply. -Stroke -Sleep apnea -Myasthenia gravis -Opioid analgesics, sedatives, anesthetics A client is admitted to the hospital 24 hours following an aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) overdose. The nurse assesses this client for which signs/symptoms indicating the acid-base disturbance that could occur in the client? Headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It's metabolic acidosis The nurse reviews a client's arterial blood gas values and notes a pH of 7.50 (7.50), a Paco2 of 30 mm Hg (30 mm Hg), and an HCO3 of 25 mEq/L (25 mmol/L). The nurse should interpret these values as an indication of which condition? Respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated The nurse is preparing to obtain an arterial blood gas specimen from a client and plans to perform the Allen test on the client. The nurse would perform the steps in which order to conduct an Allen test? Arrange the actions in the order that they should be performed. All options must be used. 1. Explain procedure 2. Apply pressure over the ulnar and radial arteries 3. Ask patient to open and close hand repeatedly 4. Release pressure from the ulnar 5. Assess color of extremity distal to the pressure point 6. Document findings. A client is about to have arterial blood gases drawn, and the nurse explains what an Allen's test is. What comment shows that the client understands the nurse's explanation? "This test is done to ensure adequate collateral circulation." The nurse is caring for a client with diabetic ketoacidosis whose respirations are abnormally deep, regular, and increased in rate. What is the purpose of this type of respiration? Select all that apply. -Blow off carbon dioxide -Correct metabolic acidosis -Correct an acid-base imbalance -Cause respiratory compensation The nurse reviews a client's arterial blood gas results and notes that the pH is 7.30 (7.30), the Paco2 is 52 mm Hg (50 mm Hg), and the HCO3 is 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L). The nurse interprets these results as indicating which condition? Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated A client with diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which type of acid-base imbalance as a complication of the disorder? Metabolic acidosis The nurse is admitting to the hospital a client with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The nurse knows that if the disease is severe enough, the client will be at risk for which acid-base imbalance? Respiratory acidosis. Guillain-Barré is a neuromuscular disorder in which the client may experience weakening or paralysis of the muscles used for respiration. This could cause the client to retain carbon dioxide, leading to respiratory acidosis A client is determined by blood gas analysis to be in respiratory alkalosis. Which electrolyte disorder should the nurse monitor for that could accompany the acid-base imbalance? Hypokalemia A client with a chronic airflow limitation is experiencing respiratory acidosis as a complication. The nurse who is trying to enhance the client's respiratory status should avoid which action? Encouraging the client to breathe slowly and shallowly. It will cause to retain more CO2 which make it worse. An anxious client is experiencing respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation caused by anxiety. The nurse should take which action to help the client experiencing this acid-base disorder? Provide emotional support and reassurance. A client is being treated for metabolic acidosis with medication therapy and other measures. The nurse should plan to monitor the results of which electrolyte, which could dramatically decline with effective treatment of the acidosis? Potassium The nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing metabolic alkalosis. Knowing the risks of this imbalance, the nurse plans to protect the client's safety by carefully implementing which prescribed precaution? Seizure precautions The nurse is caring for a client who overdosed on acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 24 hours ago. The nurse should expect to note which findings associated with an anticipated acid-base disturbance? Drowsiness, headache, and tachypnea A client has been diagnosed with metabolic alkalosis as a result of excessive antacid use. The nurse monitoring this client should expect to note which signs/symptoms? Decreased respiratory rate and depth The nurse is providing care to a client with the following arterial blood gas results: pH of 7.50 (7.50), Pao2 of 90 mm Hg (90 mm Hg), Paco2 of 40 mm Hg (40 mm Hg), and bicarbonate of 35 mEq/L (35 mmol/L). When the nurse notifies the health care provider about these levels, the nurse should anticipate receiving from the HCP which prescription for this client? Discontinue nasogastric suctioning. It's metabolic alkalosis. pH high = H+ low = NG suction too much. The nurse is caring for a client with hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) who now has developed Kussmaul respirations. The nurse knows that the purpose of this type of breathing is to correct what imbalance? Metabolic acidosis