Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) BCCC 102 med surg Exam 2023 A+

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) BCCC 102 med surg Exam 2023 A+ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - ANS-disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema Primary cause of COPD - ANS-Cigarette smoking Effects of Cigarette Smoking - ANS-irritating effects on the respiratory tract reduces ciliary activity and can cause loss of ciliated cells produces abnormal dilation of distal air spaces w/ destruction of alveolar walls Most common causative organisms (infection) - ANS-Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis Causes - ANS-Cigarette smoking Ambient Air Pollution Heredity <1% of cases in U.S Aging Aging - ANS-lung structure (become more rounded and smaller) thoracic cage (becomes stiff and rigid) respiratory muscles and the number of functional alveoli decreases gradual loss of elastic recoil in lungs Emphysema - ANS-abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls Emphysema Structural Changes - ANS-hyperinflation of alveoli, destruction of alveolar walls and capillary walls, narrowed and small airways, and loss of lung elasticity 2 major types of emphysema - ANS-Centrilobular and Panlobular Centrilobular - ANS-the primary area of involvement is the central part of the lobule. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with this kind Panlobular - ANS-(less common) involves distention and destruction of the whole lobule Clinical Manifestations of Emphysema - ANS-Dyspnea which becomes progressively worse and more severe DOE (dyspnea on exertion) progresses to interfering w/ ADLs (activities of daily living) to dyspnea at rest Minimal coughing w/ NO sputum Flattened diaphragm and barrel chest Physical Manifstations of Emphysema - ANS-Thin and underweight even with adequate calorie intake (may be do to hypermetabolism or increased work of breathing) Loss of lean muscle mass and subcutaneous fat Advanced stages shows finger clubbing Chronic Bronchitis - ANS-Excessive production of mucus in the bronchi accompanied by a recurrent cough that lasts for at least 3 months of the year during at least 2 successive years Chronic Bronchitis Pathological changes - Continues...