Bio 256 Final Exam Questions and Answers 2023

Bio 256 Final Exam Questions and Answers 2023 When an organ regulates its activity by mechanisms entirely within the organ itself, this is called intrinsic regulation This fluid compartment is subdivided into blood plasma and interstitial fluid/lymph. extracellular compartments Which is an organic molecule? DNA or H-C, O-C, N-C Anions have a ____ charge and are formed when they have ____ an electron to/from a cation. negative, gained Starch is a carbohydrate The components of sterols include four carbon rings with a hydrocarbon tail Which is a function of proteins? defense, enzymes, contract at muscles, transporters, (not to provide genetic coding- nucleic acids) If you see polyribosomes when you observe a cell using an electron microscope, the cell it is making a lot of a certain protein When carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme, and carbonic acid, the enzyme's substrate, are temporarily joined together, they form an enzyme- substrate complex When one NADH enters oxidative phosphorylation, how many ATP are produced in the mitochondrion? 3 Fatty acid hydrocarbon tails used for energy are first broken into acetate units When a membrane channel opens in response to a stimulus, allowing sodium ions to flow with their concentration gradient into a cell, this is an example of facilitated diffusion If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? The cells will swell and ultimately burst Hypotonic: Salty cell : cell intakes water a lot : cell burst Hypertonic :crenate or shrink 8 necessary life functions maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and grow Homeostasis is best conceived as a state of dynamic constancy Which is the fluid found between cells in your blood? interstitial fluid Which is a less common element of the human body? iron Albumin is a protein The overall molecular shape of a globular protein consisting of a single polypeptide strand is known as its tertiary structure During translation, the growing peptide is directly attached to mRNA Which is NOT a reason why you and your cells age? genes shorten until they no longer function Which is a function of membranes? physical boundary, intercellular adhesion, transporter of molecules and ions, and enzymatic activity ( not storage) The rate of an enzymatic reaction can be affected by all of the following enzyme concentration, ph, temp (not osmosis) Starting with acetyl CoA ("acetate"), each turn of the Krebs cycle will produce: 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH Which organs can obtain metabolic energy from lactic acid? heart and liver During RNA processing, certain regions of the pre-RNA are spliced together to create the mature RNA strand. These are called: exons Which structure of the chromosome is responsible for protecting the ends of DNA, decreasing DNA damage? telomere arterial ph at homeostasis 7.35 - 7.45 bicrabonate 24 - 28 mEq/L Sodium 135-145 mEq/L Calcium 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Oxygen 17.2 - 22.0 ml/100ml Urea 12 - 35 mg/100ml AA 3.3 - 5.1 mg/ 100ml Protein 6.5 - 8.0 g/ 100ml Lipids 400 - 800 mg/ 100 mL Glucose 75 - 110 mg/100ml The resting membrane potential is largely preserved by the sodium potassium ATPase pump The substance released at axonal endings to propagate a excitatory postsynaptic impulse is called a(n) neurotransmitter Which irregular rhythmic brain waves are observed when you are awake and alert? Beta Asleep Delta Deeply Relaxed Theta Relaxed Alpha Beta1 receptors respond to ____ and ____ the heart rate. norepinephrine, increase Alpha1 receptors respond to ____ and ____ smooth muscles of various blood vessels including those of the kidneys. norepinephrine, constrict Which is regulated by only the sympathetic, not the parasympathetic branch, of the autonomic nervous system? smooth muscles of blood vessels How does a gustatory cell respond to sour tastes? hydrogen ions block the potassium channels, depolarizing the membrane The receptor for static equilibrium is the macula Which of these ions is actively transported through the plasma membrane to help establish the resting potential? Na+ Which is not true about voltage gated sodium ion channels? The inactivation gate is closed when the intracellular environment is -70 mV. Insulin is made in response to elevated blood glucose. This is ___ stimulation Humoral