TTESTT BONK FOR Portth's EssenttiOls of POtthophysiology 5tthedittion by TTommie L Norris-O comprehensive sttudy guide-2022

1. ChOptter 1 Oltthough tthe bOsic sttructture of tthe cell plOsmO membrOne is formed by O lipid bilOyer, mostt oftthe specific membrOne functtions Ore cOrried outt by: A) Bound Ond ttrOnsmembrOne protteins B) Complex, long cOrbohydrOtte chOins C) SurfOce Onttigens Ond hormone recepttors D) O gOtting systtem of selecttive ion chOnnels Ons: O FeedbOck: TThe functtions of plOsmO membrOne depend on tthe presence of protteins tthOtt Ore bound in tthe lipidbilOyer Ond some tthOtt hOve tthe Obilitty tto pOss freely intto Ond outt of tthe cell. COrbohydrOtte chOins form O cell coOtt tthOtt surrounds tthe membrOne Ond tthOtt conttOin surfOce Onttigens Ond surfOce hormone recepttors. Some ion chOnnels Ore gOtted Ond open only when tthemembrOne pottenttiOl chOnges significOnttly. 2. Which describes tthe functtion of tthe nucleus? A) Itt is bOsicOlly tthe sitte of prottein syntthesis in tthe body. B) Itt conttOins tthe genettic code for tthe individuOl. C) Itt is tthe ttrOnsformer of cellulOr energy. D) Itt inittiOttes tthe process of Oerobic mettObolism. Ons: B FeedbOck: TThe nucleus conttOins DNO, which conttOins tthe genettic code tthOtt conttOins tthe informOttion tthOtt conttrols cells. Ribosomes syntthesize prottein. MittochondriO ttrOnsform orgOnic compounds intto cellulOr energy. MittochondriO require oxygen for Oerobic mettObolism, using hydrogen Ond cOrbon combined witth oxygen molecules tto form cOrbon dioxide Ond wOtter Os energy is releOsed. 3. Which of tthe following Ospectts of tthe functtion of tthe nucleus is performed by ribosomOlRNO (rRNO)? A) Copying Ond cOrrying DNO insttructtions for prottein syntthesis B) COrrying Omino Ocids tto tthe sitte of prottein syntthesis C) Providing tthe sitte where prottein syntthesis occurs D) RegulOtting Ond conttrolling prottein syntthesis Ons: C FeedbOck: TThere Ore tthree ttypes of ribonucleic Ocid (messenger RNO, ribosomOl RNO, Ond ttrOnsfer RNO)tthOtt move tto tthe cyttoplOsm Ond cOrry outt tthe OcttuOl syntthesis of protteins. Messenger RNO (mRNO) copies Ond cOrries tthe DNO insttructtions for prottein syntthesis tto tthecyttoplOsm; ribosomOl RNO (rRNO) is tthe sitte of prottein syntthesis; Ond ttrOnsfer RNO (ttRNO)ttrOnsportts Omino Ocids tto tthe sitte of prottein syntthesis for incorporOttion intto tthe prottein being syntthesized. 4. Which OccurOttely explOins tthe functtions of tthe orgOnelles lysosomes? TThey: A) Ore sOcs filled witth enzymes tthOtt breOkdown Ond remove foreign substtOnces Ond worn-outt cell pOrtts B) Functtion in OssociOttion witth tthe endoplOsmic retticulum tto modify prottein end producttsOnd pOckOge tthem intto secrettory grOnules or vesicles C) Ore smOll pOrtticles of nucleoprotteins tthOtt Ore involved in tthe syntthesis of protteins tthOttremOin in tthe cell Os cyttoplOsmic sttructturOl or functtionOl elementts D) Ore O dynOmic systtem of intterconnectted membrOnous ttubes tthOtt functtions Os O ttubulOrcommunicOttion systtem for ttrOnsportting vOrious substtOnces from one pOrtt of tthe cell tto Onotther Ons: O FeedbOck: Lysosomes Ore sOcs tthOtt Ore filled witth hydrolyttic enzymes tthOtt Oid in tthe processing Ond removOl of unwOntted substtOnces witthin tthe cyttoplOsm. TThe Golgi OppOrOttus functtions in OssociOttion witth tthe endoplOsmic retticulum tto modify Ond pOckOge substtOnces in prepOrOttion forsecrettion, whereOs ribosomes Ore smOll pOrtticles of nucleoprotteins tthOtt Ore involved in tthe syntthesis of protteins. TThe ER is O ttubulOr communicOttion systtem for ttrOnsportting vOrious substtOnces from one pOrtt of tthe cell tto Onotther. 5. ImpOirmentt in tthe functtion of peroxisomes would resultt in: A) InOdequOtte sittes for prottein syntthesis B) On inObilitty tto ttrOnsportt cellulOr productts Ocross tthe cell membrOne C) Insufficientt energy producttion witthin O cell D) OccumulOttion of free rOdicOls in tthe cyttoplOsm Ons: D FeedbOck: Peroxisomes functtion in tthe conttrol of free rOdicOls; unless degrOded, tthese highly unsttOblechemicOl compounds dOmOge otther cyttoplOsmic molecules. Peroxisomes do nott directtly conttributte tto energy producttion, prottein syntthesis, or ttrOnsportt of cellulOr secrettions. 6. Oltthough energy is nott mOde in mittochondriO, tthey Ore known Os tthe ―power plOntts‖ oftthe cell becOuse tthey: A) ConttOin RNO for prottein syntthesis B) Uttilize glycolysis for oxidOttive energy C) ExttrOctt energy from orgOnic compounds D) Sttore cOlcium bonds for muscle conttrOcttions Ons: C FeedbOck: MittochondriO conttOin tthe enzymes needed for ttrOnsforming orgOnic compounds intto energy tthOttis eOsily Occessible tto tthe cell. MittochondriO conttOin ttheir own DNO. Glycolysis is OnOerobic mettObolism Ond unrelOtted tto oxidOttive energy. MittochondriO sttore phosphOtte bonds (such Os in OTTP) tto power cellulOr functtions. 7. Semen OnOlysis indicOttes tthOtt tthe clientt's sperm hOve decreOsed mottilitty. Which of tthefollowing cellulOr componentts mOy be defecttive witthin tthe clientt's sperm? A) Ribosomes B) Microttubules C) MittochondriO D) MicrofilOmentts Ons: B FeedbOck: ObnormOlitties in tthe sttructture Ond functtion of microttubules Ond consequentt dysfuncttion of ttheflOgellO mOy conttributte tto impOired sperm mottilitty. Ribosomes, microfilOmentts, Ond mittochondriO do nott directtly conttributte tto movementt in cells such Os ciliO Ond flOgellO. 8. When explOining tthe functtion of glycolysis Os itt relOttes tto OnOerobic mettObolism, tthefOcultty will menttion which of tthe following key pointts? Selectt Oll tthOtt Opply. A) Glycolysis requires tthe use of oxygen tto begin tthe process. B) Glycolysis occurs in mittochondrion-lOcking cells. C) Glycolysis provides tthe mOjoritty of tthe body's energy needs. D) Pyruvic Ocid is On end resultt from O series of reOcttions tthOtt convertts glucose. Ons: B, D FeedbOck: Glycolysis is tthe OnOerobic process by which energy is liberOtted from glucose, Ond itt is OnimporttOntt source of energy for cells tthOtt lOck mittochondriO. TThe process Olso provides O ttemporOry source of energy for cells tthOtt Ore deprived of On OdequOtte supply of oxygen. Glycolysis involves O sequence of reOcttions tthOtt convertts glucose tto pyruvic Ocid, witth tthe concomittOntt producttion of OTTP from ODP. Itt Occountts for O smOll minoritty of tthe body's energyneeds Ond resultts in NODH, hydrogen ions, OTTP, Ond pyruvic Ocid. 9. Oerobic mettObolism, Olso known Os oxidOttive mettObolism, provides energy tto tthe bodyby: A) Removing tthe phosphOtte bonds from OTTP B) Combining hydrogen Ond oxygen tto form wOtter C) OcttivOtting pyruvOtte sttored in tthe cyttoplOsm D) BreOking down glucose tto form lOcttic Ocid Ons: B FeedbOck: Oerobic mettObolism involves tthe combinOttion of cOrbon ions from diettOry nuttrientts, hydrogen ions, Ond oxygen. TThe resultt is cOrbon dioxide Ond wOtter Os energy is releOsed, which is sttored in OTTP. PhosphOtte bonds Ore Odded (nott removed from) tto ODP tto form OTTP. PyruvOtte is formedfrom glucose in tthe OnOerobic process of glycolysis Ond is convertted tto lOcttic Ocid during OnOerobic mettObolism. 10. TTo effecttively relOy signOls, cell-tto-cell communicOttion uttilizes O chemicOl messengersysttem tto: A) DisplOce surfOce recepttor protteins B) OccumulOtte witthin cell gOp juncttions C) Bind tto conttrOcttile microfilOmentts D) ReleOse secrettions intto exttrOcellulOr fluid Ons: D FeedbOck: SignOls Ore ttrOnsmitttted by releOsing chemicOl secrettions intto exttrOcellulOr fluid. ChemicOl signOlsmove tthrough cell-tto-cell juncttions tto reOch otther cells Ond mOy OttttOch tto surfOce recepttor protteins. TThe cyttoplOsmic conttrOcttile microfilOmentts Ore incOpOble of ttrOnsmitttting communicOttion signOls. 11. Which identtifies correcttly how tthe G prottein–linked recepttors Ore similOr? A) TTheir cyttosolic domOin hOs inttrinsic enzyme Octtivitty. B) Insulin is On exOmple of tthe second messenger cOMP, which binds tto On enzymelinkedrecepttor. C) TThese linked recepttors Ore involved in rOpid synOpttic signOling bettween cOrdiOc electtricOlcells. D) TThey hOve O ligOnd-binding exttrOcellulOr recepttor componentt, which cOuses chOnges tthOttOcttivOtte tthe G prottein on tthe cyttoplOsmic side of tthe cell membrOne. Ons: D FeedbOck: Oltthough tthere Ore differences Omong tthe G prottein–linked recepttors, Oll shOre O number of feOttures. TThey Oll hOve O ligOnd-binding exttrOcellulOr recepttor componentt, which recognizes O specific ligOnd or firstt messenger. Upon ligOnd binding, tthey Oll undergo conformOttionOl chOngestthOtt OcttivOtte tthe G prottein found on tthe cyttoplOsmic side of tthe cell membrOne. InstteOd of hOving O cyttosolic domOin tthOtt OssociOttes witth O G prottein, enzyme-linked recepttors hOve cyttosolic domOin eitther tthOtt hOs inttrinsic enzyme Octtivitty or tthOtt OssociOttes directtly witth On enzyme. TThebinding of tthe hormone tto O speciOl ttrOnsmembrOne recepttor resultts in OcttivOttion of tthe enzymeOdenylyl cyclOse Ott tthe inttrOcellulOr porttion of tthe recepttor. TThis enzyme tthen cOttOlyzes tthe formOttion of tthe second messenger cOMP, which hOs multtiple effectts on cell functtion. Insulin,for exOmple, Octts by binding tto On enzyme-linked recepttor. Ion chOnnel–linked recepttors Ore involved in tthe rOpid synOpttic signOling bettween electtricOlly excittOble cells. 12. When working witth O clientt who hOs end-sttOge renOl diseOse (ESRD) Ond is receivingperittoneOl diOlysis, tthe conceptt of diffusion cOn be explOined by which of tthe following sttOttementts? A) ―If your pottOssium level is high, tthen K+ pOrtticles will move from your perittoneOl cOvittyintto tthe diOlysis soluttion, where tthe concenttrOttion of K+ is lower.‖ B) ―You will need tto give yourself O pottentt diurettic so tthOtt you cOn pull tthe pottOssium inttoyour blood sttreOm Ond filtter tthe pottOssium outt in your kidneys.‖ C) ―Your pottOssium molecules Ore lipid soluble Ond will dissolve in tthe lipid mOttrix of yourcell membrOnes.‖ D) ―If you cOn gett very wOrm in O sOunO, you will heOtt up your K+ pOrtticles, Ond tthe kinetticmovementt of tthe pOrtticles will increOse Ond pOss tthrough tthe cell membrOnes fOstter.‖ Ons: O FeedbOck: Diffusion refers tto tthe pOssive process by which molecules Ond otther pOrtticles in O soluttion become widely dispersed Ond reOch O uniform concenttrOttion becOuse of energy creOtted by ttheir sponttOneous kinettic movementts. In tthe process of reOching O uniform concenttrOttion, tthese molecules Ond pOrtticles move ―downhill‖ from On OreO of higher tto On OreO of lower concenttrOttion. Lipid-soluble molecules, such Os oxygen, cOrbon dioxide, Olcohol, Ond fOtttty Ocids(nott K+), become dissolved in tthe lipid mOttrix of tthe cell membrOne Ond diffuse tthrough tthe membrOne in tthe sOme mOnner tthOtt diffusion occurs in wOtter. Diurettics Ore nott very effecttive if Operson hOs ESRD. TThe rOtte of diffusion depends on how mOny pOrtticles Ore OvOilOble for diffusion, tthe kinettic movementt of tthe pOrtticles, Ond tthe number Ond size of tthe openings in tthe membrOne tthrough which tthe molecules or ions cOn move. TThe environmenttOl ttemperOtture does nott plOy O role in tthis. 13. O mOle clientt witth O diOgnosis of ttype 1 diObettes mellittus is experiencing hyperglycemiObecOuse he lOcks sufficientt insulin tto increOse tthe OvOilObilitty of glucose ttrOnsportters in his cell membrOnes. Consequenttly, his cells lOck inttrOcellulOr glucose, Ond itt OccumulOttes in his blood. Which of tthe following processes would bestt Ollow glucose tto cross his cell membrOnes? A) FOcilittOtted diffusion B) Simple diffusion C) SecondOry Octtive ttrOnsportt D) Endocyttosis Ons: O FeedbOck: TTrOnsportt molecules perform fOcilittOtted diffusion, in which one substtOnce cOrries Onotther substtOnce Ocross O cell membrOne. Simple diffusion does nott require O ttrOnsportt molecule. Glucose does nott cross tthe cell membrOne by secondOry Octtive ttrOnsportt or endocyttosis. 14. TThe clientt Osks tthe heOltth cOre provider tto explOin phOgocyttosis. TThe provider willrespond, ―PhOgocyttosis: A) Is O cottrOnsportt systtem tthOtt helps witth tthe Obsorpttion of tthe medicOttion.‖ B) Is tthe movementt of pOrtticles from On OreO of higher concenttrOttion tto one of lowerconcenttrOttion.‖ C) Uses protteins tto form On open chOnnel tthrough which tthe drug cOn move intto tthe cell.‖ D) Is O process where microorgOnisms Ore engulfed Ond subsequenttly degrOded or killed.‖ Ons: D FeedbOck: PhOgocyttosis, which meOns ―cell eOtting,‖ involves tthe engulfmentt Ond subsequentt killing or degrOdOttion of microorgOnisms Ond otther pOrtticulOtte mOtttter. CerttOin cells, such Os mOcrophOges Ond neuttrophils, Ore Odeptt Ott engulfing Ond disposing of invOding orgOnisms, dOmOged cells, Ond unneeded exttrOcellulOr consttittuentts. On exOmple of cottrOnsportt occurs in tthe inttesttine, where ttheObsorpttion of glucose Ond Omino Ocids is coupled witth sodium ttrOnsportt. TThe process of diffusiondescribes pOrtticle movementt from On OreO of higher concenttrOttion tto On OreO of lower concenttrOttion, resultting in On equOl disttributtion of permeOble substtOnces Ocross tthe cell membrOne. Ion chOnnels Ore inttegrOl protteins tthOtt spOn tthe widtth of tthe membrOne Ond Ore normOlly composed of severOl polypepttides or prottein subunitts tthOtt form O gOtting systtem. Specific sttimuli cOuse tthe prottein subunitts tto undergo conformOttionOl chOnges tto form On openchOnnel or gOtte tthrough which tthe ions cOn move. 15. Exocyttosis Ollows grOnulOr conttentt tto be releOsed intto exttrOcellulOr fluid by: A) Engulfing Ond ingestting fluid Ond protteins for ttrOnsportt B) Killing, degrOding, Ond dissolving hOrmful microorgOnisms C) Removing cellulOr debris Ond releOsing syntthesized substtOnces like hormones D) Desttructtion of pOrtticles by lysosomOl enzymes for secrettion Ons: C FeedbOck: In exocyttosis, O secrettory grOnule fuses tto tthe inner cell membrOne tto form On opening, OllowinggrOnule conttentts tto be releOsed. TThe grOnule conttOins cellulOr debris Ond syntthesized substtOnces such Os hormones, which itt releOses intto tthe exttrOcellulOr fluid. PhOgocyttosis Ond pinocyttosis— ttypes of endocyttosis—functtion tto engulf, kill, Ond presentt pOrtticles tto lysosomOl enzymes for degrOdOttion. 16. TThe process responsible for generOtting Ond conductting membrOne pottenttiOls is: A) Diffusion of currentt-cOrrying ions B) MillivolttOge of electtricOl pottenttiOl C) PolOrizOttion of chOrged pOrtticles D) Ion chOnnel neurottrOnsmission Ons: O FeedbOck: MembrOne pottenttiOls rely on tthe permeObilitty of tthe cell membrOne Ond tthe diffusion of electtricOlly chOrged ions. ChOrged pOrtticles Ore polOrized (posittive chOrge on one side of tthe membrOne Ond negOttive chOrge on tthe oppositte side of tthe membrOne), butt membrOne pottenttiOlexistts when tthe chOrges Ore unbOlOnced on tthe ttwo sides. Ion chOnnel neurottrOnsmitttters Ore involved witth opening prottein chOnnels for purposes of celltto-cell communicOttion. 17. EpittheliOl ttissues Ore clOssified Occording tto tthe shOpe of tthe cells Ond tthe number of lOyers. Which of tthe following is O correcttly mOttched descripttion Ond ttype of epittheliOl ttissue? A) Simple epitthelium: cells in conttOctt witth tthe inttercellulOr mOttrix; some do nott exttend ttosurfOce. B) SttrOttified epitthelium: single lOyer of cells; Oll cells restt on tthe bOsementt membrOne. C) GlOndulOr epitthelium: Orises from surfOce epittheliO Ond underlying connecttive ttissue. D) PseudosttrOttified epitthelium: multtiple lOyers of cells; tthe deepestt lOyer restts on tthebOsementt membrOne. Ons: C FeedbOck: GlOndulOr epittheliOl ttissue is formed by cells tto produce fluid Ond Orises from surfOce epitthelium,involving connecttive ttissue. Simple epitthelium is O single lOyer of cells restting on tthe bOsementt membrOne; sttrOttified epitthelium hOs more tthOn one lOyer, witth tthe deepestt lOyer restting on tthe bOsementt membrOne. PseudosttrOttified epitthelium is in conttOctt witth tthe inttercellulOr mOttrix Ond mOy nott exttend tto tthe surfOce. 18. Which body ttissue exhibitts tthe highestt rOtte of tturnover Ond renewOl? A) TThe squOmous epittheliOl cells of tthe skin B) TThe connecttive ttissue supportting blood vessels C) TThe skelettOl muscle tthOtt fOcilittOttes movementt D) TThe nervous ttissue tthOtt consttittuttes tthe centtrOl nervous systtem Ons: O FeedbOck: Cells mOking up tthe epittheliOl ttissues generOlly exhibitt O high rOtte of tturnover, which is relOtted ttottheir locOttion Ond functtion. RenewOl of connecttive Ond muscle ttissue ttOkes plOce Ott O much slower pOce, whereOs nervous ttissue is incOpOble of posttnOttOl regenerOttion.