NR546 Psychopharm Midterm exam 2023/2024 Latest Review ACTUAL QUESTIONS

NR546 Psychopharm Midterm exam How does the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) affect the amygdala? - ANSWER inhibits and activates the amygdala Wernicke's area is associated with which of the following? - ANSWER speech comprehension The limbic system is associated with which of the following - ANSWER emotion and learning Which brain structure is most associated with long term memory? - ANSWER hippocampus When prescribing psychotropic medications, the PMHNP knows that these medications work within which specific areas? - ANSWER mood Which of the following are involved in regulating neurotransmission via excitation-secretion coupling? - ANSWER voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-sensitive calcium channels What system influences the length of time for a drug to achieve efficacy? - ANSWER signal transduction cascades One of the signal transduction cascades, pass the message from a first receptor to a second messenger. - ANSWER G protein linked systems Human central nervous system communication at synapses is which of the following? - ANSWER chemical Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter? - ANSWER glutamate Which statement correctly pairs the pharmacodynamic effect with its definition? - ANSWER antagonist effect - drug binds to receptor, but does not activate a response A major current hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia proposes that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be which of the following? Correct! - ANSWER hypofunctional Which medication is least associated with weight gain? - ANSWER aripiprazole Which dopamine pathway is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia? - ANSWER mesolimbic pathway Which pathway is associated with negative symptoms? - ANSWER The mesocortical pathway Is part of the extrapyramidal nervous system and associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) - ANSWER nigrostriatal pathway This pathway is associated with hyperprolactinemia. - ANSWER The tuberoinfundibular pathway A 34-year old male recently began experiencing breast secretions while receiving risperidone . Which dopamine pathway is associated with this side effect? - ANSWER tuberoinfundibular pathway A 44-year-old woman is initiated on an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Regarding affinity, atypical antipsychotics demonstrate which of the following most often? - ANSWER Atypical antipsychotics have equal positive symptom antipsychotic actions and low extrapyramidal symptoms. is a syndrome that can be associated with several different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and distortions of reality. This syndrome can affect a person's cognition, affective response, communication, capacity to recognize reality, and ability to relate to others. - ANSWER psychosis What Diagnosis require the presence of psychosis? - ANSWER schizophrenia substance-induced psychotic disorders schizophreniform disorder schizoaffecive disorder delusional disorder brief psychotic disorder psychotic disorder due to a medical condition What diagnosis has a diagnosis of psychosis as a feature? - ANSWER mania depression cognitive disorders dementia What are some positive symptoms? - ANSWER Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorder Hostility Excitability What are some Negative symptoms? - ANSWER Affective flattening Alogia Anhedonia Amotivation Asociality What area of the brain is associated with negative and affective symptoms? - ANSWER Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: What area of the brain is associated with cognitive symptoms? - ANSWER Dorsolateral What area of the brain is associated with aggressive, impulsive symptoms? - ANSWER Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala Non-selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors, specifically in mesolimbic pathway. Improves Positive Symptoms Use: Acute & Chronic Schizophrenia & Psychosis - ANSWER First generation antipsychotics are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking, the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions - ANSWER Frontal Lobes responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects - ANSWER Parietal Lobe (Middle Brain) Damage to the anterior portion may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents - ANSWER parietal Lobe and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. - ANSWER Temporal Lobe Disorders from this lobe include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). - ANSWER Temporal Lobe controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. - ANSWER Occipital Lobe This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - ANSWER Central sulcus This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. Is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain. - ANSWER corpus callosum This is located deep in the temporal lobes and is involved in anxiety and memory, and shifting short-term to long-term memory. - ANSWER Hippocampus This is located deep in the temporal lobes and involved in emotional regulation and perception of odors. All smells travel directly to this structure. Cooking smells can elicit memories of childhood events and holidays. A traumatic event can result in the formation of the fear response, causing the fight or flight reflex within the autonomic nervous system and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis causing the release of stress hormones - ANSWER Amygdala This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through the thalamus, which is responsible for processing all external information - ANSWER Thalamus A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. Movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. - ANSWER Basal ganglia This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure - ANSWER Dorsal striatum This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - ANSWER Nucleus accumbens This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects the limbic system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. - ANSWER Limbic system Associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. etc. - ANSWER Frontal lobe Associated with speech - ANSWER Brocas area Involves object identification and auditory signals - ANSWER Temporal lobe Involved in Coordination - ANSWER cerebellum Involved in Speech comprehension - ANSWER Wernicke's area Primary visual area - ANSWER Occipital Lobe Keeps us alert to what is going on around us - ANSWER Parietal lobe Involved in the reward process. - ANSWER Nucleus accumbens Involved in sensory organ and motor command processing - ANSWER thalamus Involved in complex motor actions, also links cognition to motor actions - ANSWER Striatum This includes circuits that are associated with pleasure and reward, emotion and learning - ANSWER LIMBIC SYSTEM A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements - ANSWER basal ganglia Controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres - ANSWER Corpus callosum Contains nerve fibers that connect neurons from different regions into functional circuits - ANSWER white matter enzyme system mediates how the body metabolizes many drugs, including antipsychotics. The enzyme in the gut wall or liver converts the drug into a biotransformed product in the bloodstream. After passing through the gut wall and liver (left), the drug will exist partly as unchanged drug and partly as biotransformed drug - ANSWER CYP450 system Which medication classes increases serotonin? - ANSWER SSRIs, Tricyclic, SNRIs bind more potently to the 5HT 2A receptor than the D2. Sedation is common and relates to a high affinity for histamine. These medications have the least risk of EPS but a high risk for weight gain and metabolic abnormalities. - ANSWER The "Pines" more potently to the 5HT 2A receptor than to D2 or bine equally between the 2 receptors. These medications are less sedating and cause less weight gain, but have a higher risk for hyperprolactinemia and EPS. - ANSWER Two dones and a rone bind more potently to D2 receptors than to 5HT-2A. They have low risk of metabolic side effects and weight gain, but they have a potential for EPS. The rip binds equally to both D2 and 5HT-2A receptors. The medications has low risk for metabolic disorders. - ANSWER 2 Pips and a Rip