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The functional unit of the kidney, or the structure in the kidney that does the work, is the: A. Medulla B.cortex C.calayx D. Nephron D. Nephron A nephron is made up of: A. A glomerulus and a tubule B. The neurons and a capsule C. The loop of Henle and the capillary ball D. The bladder and the ureter A. A glomerulus and a tubule The endocrine functions of the kidney include: A. Regulating growth hormone and making thyroid hormone B. Making erythropoietin and the active form of vitamin D C. Making estrogen and testosterone D. Regulating body temperature and sleep rhythms B. Making erythropoietin and the active form of vitamin D The leading cause of End-stage Renal disease for adults in the United States is: A. Hypertension B. Glomerulonephritis C. Diabetes D. Urinary obstruction C. Diabetes Patients with kidney failure often complain of itching, which is likely to be caused by: A. Hypoalbuminemia B. Hyperphosphatemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypocalcemia B. Hyperphosphatemia Why do kidney patients often have bone disease? A. Parathyroid glands stop functioning B. Patients don't eat enough phosphorus C. Kidneys stop producing calcitriol D. Patients don't eat enough calcium C. Kidneys stop producing calcitriol Symptoms that a patient may need more dialysis time include: A. Hypotension, dehydration, weakness B. Anorexia, fatigue, swelling C. Fever, chills, malaise D. Tremors, weakness, muscle cramps B. Anorexia, fatigue, swelling A semipermeable membrane is a porous barrier that: A. Allows for only certain sized particles to cross B. Prevents fungal contamination C. Can distinguish between particles A. Allow for only certain sized particles to cross Diffusion is movement of particles: A. By filtration through a biocompatible membrane. B. From an area of higher concentration C. Into a vacuum created when fluids are forced through a membrane D. Into a space created by solutions moving in counter-current flow B. From an area of higher concentration Negative pressure is pressure created when: A. Larger amounts of filtration exists in a closed space B. Fluids separated by a membrane flow in the same direction C. Larger molecules drag smaller molecules across a membrane D. Fluid is pulled through a restriction D. Fluid is pulled through a restriction During dialysis, ultrafiltration occurs when: A. Water is removed from blood because there is pressure gradient between blood and dialysate B. Phosphorus is removed from blood because dialysate is low on phosphorus C. A higher concentration of sodium causes water to move from body compartment into the dialysate D. A suction device is applied to the venous trap and a Harvard Clamp is applied to the arterial side of the blood test A. Water is removed from blood because there is a pressure gradient between blood and dialysate At which point in the extracorporeal circuit is the blood usually under negative pressure? A. Arterial line section before the blood pump B. The arterial line section after the blood pump C. The venous chamber D. The venous line section after the venous chamber A. The arterial line section before the blood pump Which of the following will increase the amount of solutes that will diffuse across the semipearmeable membrane? A. Higher equilibrium B. Lower equilibrium C. High concentration gradients D. Lower concentration gradients C. High concentration gradients The components of the dialysate treatment that affect clearance include: A. EPOGEN (Epoetin alfa), IV calciteiol, vancomycin B. Needle size, dialysate brand, machine brand, line configuration C. Predialysis weight, blood pressure, BUN level, NA level D. Dialysate flow, time of treatment, dialyzer size, blood flow rate D. Dialysate flow, time of treatment, dialyzer size, blood flow rate