WGU Pathophysiology STUDY GUIDE Review Rated 100% Correct

WGU Pathophysiology STUDY GUIDE Review Rated 100% Correct The phase of metabolism where simple substances are made into complex ones. *** Anabolism Breakdown of substances into energy *** Catabolism what tissues most often develop tumors *** Epithelial and connective tissues What type of benign tumor is a wart? (Papilloma, Lipoma, Myoma, Chondroma) *** Papilloma What benign tumor begins in the fatty tissue? (Papilloma, Lipoma, Myoma, Chondroma) *** Lipoma What benign tumor is also called a fibroid? (Papilloma, Lipoma, Myoma, Chondroma) *** Myoma What benign tumor is of cartilage cells? (Papilloma, Lipoma, Myoma, Chondroma) *** Chondroma What type of tumor can be found anywhere and arises from connective tissue? *** Sarcoma What are early signs of lymphoma? *** Fevers and night sweats Planting seeds into a malignant prostate and irradiating to reduce damage to healthy tissue is called: *** radiation therapy Skin lesion described as a small fluid filled elevation of the skin (eg blister) [vesicle, pustule, macule, papule] *** vesicle Skin lesion described as an elevation of the skin containing white blood cells and cell debris [vesicle, pustule, macule, papule] *** pustule Skin lesion described as a spot not raised or depressed (eg freckle) [vesicle, pustule, macule, papule] *** macule Skin lesion described as a firm raised area of skin (eg pimple] [vesicle, pustule, macule, papule] *** papule Skin lesions described as a scratch into the skin. *** excoriation Skin trauma- rough, jagged wound caused by skin tearing: *** laceration Skin trauma- crack in the skin *** fissure skin trauma - sore with disintegration and death of affected tissue *** ulcer Burn involving only the epidermal layer of the skin. *** superficial burn How do superficial partial thickness burns present? *** Blisters and pain at the burn site. Painful vesicular lesions caused by varicella. normal treatment is antiviral medications and corticosteroids to decrease pain. *** shingles Tissue destruction involving only the epidermal layer of the skin is called: *** superficial What are two signs of allergic skin reactions? *** Pruritus and urticarial What do Pemphigus, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus have in common? *** They are all autoimmune diseases involving the skin What can damage to the semicircular canals in the ears do? *** Disturb equilibrium How can otitis media be prevented? *** Placing a myringotomy tube in the ear What is age related hearing loss called? *** Presbycusis What can alleviate age -related hearing loss (Presbycusis)? *** Speaking in clear low pitched tones What can treatment of joint disorders include? *** arthrocentesis, laparoscopic repairs, and fixation of screws Form of arthritis described as a higher level of uric acid crystals accumulating in joint *** Gout Form of arthritis that may result from an invasive procedure, organisms carried to the joint by the blood stream. *** Septic arthritis Form of arthritis that may be the results of aging and repeated trauma most often in weight-bearing joints. *** Osteoarthritis Form of arthritis described as an inflammation and overgrowth of synovial fluid causing severe pain; joints stiffen and become useless *** Rheumatoid arthritis What can be described as chronic muscular fatigue caused by defect at the neuromuscular junction? *** Myasthenia gravis How can gastroesophageal reflux disease be treated? *** By taking antacid medications, and using medications that decrease production of hydrochloric acid. What can be characterized with severe pain and blood tests that show elevated serum amylase? *** Chronic pancreatitis What impacts the digestive process by leading to enzyme imbalances? *** Pancreatitis How is viral hepatitis identified? *** Testing blood serology What does chronic hepatitis often exhibit changes in? *** Bowel fucntion What could arise if an Rh negative patient experiences a second exposure to Rh positive blood? *** an antigen-antibody reaction A bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a clotting factor. *** Hemophilia A neoplastic disease characterized by a large increase in white blood cells. *** Leukemia A group of hereditary disorders causing impaired hemoglobin synthesis. *** Thalassemia A bone marrow failure characterized by a decreased red blood cell production. *** Aplastic anemia What vitamin is required for effective blood clotting? *** Vitamin K What are three recommendations for the treatment of hypertension? *** Diet, prescribed diuretics, regular exercise What can described as confusion, anxiety, and hypotension? *** Shock What is described as a decrease in the size of a muscle from disuse? *** Atrophy What is described as pain and stiffness caused by overuse? *** Strains What is described as pain and swelling caused by the tearing of ligaments? *** Sprains What is described as the deterioration of muscles that have intact nerve function? *** Muscular distrophy What are described as strong, painful muscle contractions? *** Cramps What is described as acutely painful in the arm and chest area and often results in the affected arm being longer than the mate? *** Shoulder joint dislocation What causes a gastrointestinal disorder known as a peptic ulcer? *** Helicobacter pylori What is characterized by abdominal pain and elevated bilirubin? *** Inflammation of the gallbladder What digests starch? *** Amylase What digests lipids? *** Lipase What digests proteins? *** Trypsin What digests nucleic acids? *** Nucleases How can hepatitis be diagnosed? *** serology and serum chemistry What might both leukemia and pernicious anemia require? *** Blood transfusions What are two signs of hepatitis? *** Jaundice and loss of appetite What directly impairs the delivery of oxygen to body tissues? *** Anemia What are characterized by pain and swelling, warmth and redness around site or location and are typically diagnosed by an US or MRI? *** Thrombosis (blood clots) What helps to control hypertension by inhibiting calcium ions from entering cardiac muscle cells? *** Calcium-channel blockers What are epidemics defined by? *** Age, gender, heredity, living conditions, social habits and preexisting conditions What are two treatments for frequent otitis media an chronic sore throat? *** Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy What are three pathological responses of the lymphatic system? *** Elephantiasis, splenomegaly, and infectious mononucleosis What treatment plan has produced the best survival rates for multiple myeloma? *** Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant What can self-antigens trigger? *** An autoimmune hypersensitivity What are three ways used to diagnose myocardial infarctions? *** ECG readings, troponin levels, and creatine kinase levels What is caused by increased blood flow backing up into the pulmonary circulation? *** Shortness of breath What lab test can diagnose Atherosclerosis? *** CRP What are increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema of extremities signs of? *** Congestive heart failure What is a probable cause of lower extremity edema and elevated blood pressure? *** Renin What can be exemplified by frequent fainting, low blood pressure, and low body temperature? *** Hypotension What is a deep rapid respiration characteristic of acidosis as seen in diabetic patients? *** Kussmaul What is an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing? *** Hyperpnea What is a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing? *** Dyspnea How is croup characterized? *** A loud, barking cough with audible wheezing at night. What can often improve and prolong the quality of life for those with CPOD? *** External oxygen What is used to record a human's brain waves to diagnose neurologic diseases? *** An electroencephalogram (EEG) What can be characterized by a headache, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting? *** Meningitis What can renal colic be treated by? *** Analgesics What is a manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes and alcoholism and shows itself in pain and numbness in the extremities? *** Peripheral neuropathy What can be a cause of edema and hypertension for a patient with chronic renal failure? *** Sodium retention What is a nervous system disease treated by dopamine replacement therapy? *** Parkinson's disease What is a surgical procedure aimed at shattering renal calculi? *** Lithotripsy What in the urine is indicative of pyuria (uti)? *** White blood cells What is the recommended treatment if a patient is suffering from chronic renal failure, vomiting, and fatigue? *** Hemodialysis What does hemodialysis remove? *** Toxins such as urea and nitrogenous waste from the blood. What effect can low cardiac output have? *** It can strain the kidneys and lead to organ disfunction What is defined as a disease process in which there is a deficiency of insulin hormone? *** Diabetes mellitus What are abnormal constituents of urine and indicate diabetes or starvation? *** Keytones How is type 2 diabetes best tested? *** A1C and fasting blood glucose How is Hypothyroidism characterized? *** Lethargy, irritability, difficulty eating, and dry hair and skin. What is a treatment of anemia in someone with chronic renal failure? *** Erythropoietin What might a child with impaired cognitive function have? *** Thyroxine and triodothryrone deficiencies What is released from the bone due to increased production of the parathyroid hormone? *** Calcium When a patient presents with exophthalmos, strained appearance to the face, extreme nervousness and a goiter, what medications might be necessary? *** Medications to suppress thyroid function. Hyperparathyroidism is often accompanied by ___ *** Skeletal fractures How can testicular torsion best be diagnosed? *** By hx and physical examination and extreme pain. How is gonorrhea in males diagnosed? *** Culture of the penis drainage (ewww) When is benign prostatic hypertrophy treated by laser and ultrasound and transurethral prostatectomy? *** When urinary function is threatened? What can inhibit a female athlete's ability to conceive? *** Weight, menstrual history, and degree of athleticism ___ is described as a lack of menses for 6 months. *** Menopause What are three disorders that may occur during pregnancy? *** Placenta previa, gestational diabetes, and gestational hypertension Vaginal secretions of yellow or green frothy discharge characterizes what? *** trichomoniasis What are two disorders experienced in pregnancy and diagnosed by hypertension and proteinuria? *** Eclampsia and toxemia