NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2022 / 2023)

Know the Etiology, Signs/Symptoms, Diagnosis/Diagnostics, Clinical Manifestation, Risks, Treatment and Complications for the following: ▪ Gastritis Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach lining Acute Gastritis – (just acquired) ingestion of toxins, alcohol, aspirin or other irritating substances Chronic- 2 months to become chronic Triggers of Gastritis: Alcohol, caffeine, autoimmune disease, viral or bacteria Chronic Gastritis: H Pylori is always a factor H Pylori goes very deep in the lining of the stomach and It causes persistent inflammation S/S: N/V – Anorexia- postcranial discomfort Post Cranial Discomfort- after eating- goes away and come back 1-2 hrs Gastritis- hematemesis- blood in the vomit- coffee brown color Treatment: Treat H pylori treat GERD, change lifestyle, PPI ▪ Peptic Ulcer Disease Inflammation and ulceration in the stomach (acid and pepsin) Gastric: stomach location Duodenal: duodenal location PUD is a complication of Gastritis PUD is caused by aspirin, H pylori, Nsaids, Stress, Smoking S/S Gastric N/V Anorexia Chest discomfort, asymptotic, Dyspepsia Duodenal – normal weight Biggest complication of PUD- GI bleeding due to Ulcer perforation- hole in the lining and bleed It is life-threatening if it keep bleeding (Anemic, electrolytes imbalance (losing volume) Duodenal – Blood in the stool – black and tarry Bleeding profusely-frank with cloth Hematemesis- Bleeding in vomiting Treatment: Cortery of perforation, treatment of H. pylori, PPI, Cessation of smoking ▪ Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s the difference in the complications Complication in UC Malnutrition – dehydration, increased risk factor of colon cancer 7-10 yrs, rarely in megacolon Complication of Chron- Fistulas, perianal fissures, abscesses. The risk of colorectal cancer ▪ Bowel Obstruction Manifestations Obstructions in the jejunal area: Vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte depletion Obstructions of the distal portion of the small bowl or ileum, dehydration to hypovolemic schock Obstructions of the colon: Massive gas distention Blockage of the colon by a tumor is the most common cause of colonic obstruction and perforation of the bowel wall adjacent to the tumor. ▪ What percentage of the pancreas is dedicated to endocrine functions? Only 5% ▪ Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic Cancer – 2% of all cancers Ranked 4th among death in all malignancies Risk Factors; cigarette smoking, obesity S/S; head: Jaundice, malabsorption, weight loss t ....................................................continued,.............................................