Biology- Cell NCEA Level 2 Questions and Answers 2023

Biology- Cell NCEA Level 2 Questions and Answers 2023 Respiration The breakdown of glucose to form ATP when oxygen is available. Respiration (equation) C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Diffusion Molecules move from a high to low concentration gradient. It is slow but does not require energy. Cilia Tiny hair like projections that extend out of the cell membrane. These cili beat in unison to remove particles from our airways. Exocytosis Exports large molecules out of the cell when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents outside the of the cell. Cytoskeleton Microtubules and microfilaments that are found throughout the the cytoplasm, these give the cell support and maintain the shape of the cell. Selectively permeable The cell membrane allows some molecules through and not others. Rough ER ER with ribosomes attached. The ER is a network of tubes that run from the nucleus to the cell membrane. Rough ER are commonly found in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. Golgi body Five flattened stack of membrane that modify to store and route products to their next destination. Golgi apparatus Alternative name for Golgi body. Mitochondria Oval shaped organelle with highly folded inner membrane. This is the site of aerobic respiration in the cell where most ATP is produced. Isotonic Solution A concentration that is the same as that that found inside the cell. No net movement of water occurs in this situation. Nucleus Contains and protects DNA. It is known as the cells control centre. Chloroplast Photosynthetic organelles that trap sunlight energy and convert it into glucose. They contain grana and stroma. Cytoplasm A jelly like substance that fills the cell from the cell membrane to the nucleus, it is the site of many cellular reactions. Hypertonic Solution A strongly concentated solution. A cell in this solution would lose water by osmosis. Hypotonic Solution A weak solution. A cell in this solution would gain water by osmosis. Facilitated Transportation Molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration with the help of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Does not require energy. Lactic Acid Fermentation Produces 2 ATP molecules. Occurs in animal muscle when exercising at a high level. Eukaryote Cells These cells have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Endocytosis A method of engulfing large molecules into the cell. The cell membrane surrounds he particle and draws it into the cell in a vesicle. Nuclear Membrane Double membrane with pore to allow large particles in and out of the nucleus. Osmosis Passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. Plasma Membrane Another word for cell membrane. Photosynthesis A process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy. The reactants are water and carbon dioxide and the products are glucose and oxygen. Ribosomes Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These are involved in the making of proteins. They can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Vacuoles Found in the cytoplasm, these are involved in transport. Organelle Part of a cell with a specific function. Flagella Long whip like projections that extend from the cell membrane. These enable unicellular organisms to move when flicked. Active Transport Molecules move from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient against the concentration gradient. Lysosomes Membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes breakdown molecules and recycle cell parts.