Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level 4th edition by Voet- Test Bank

Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level 4th edition by Voet- Test Bank Sample Test Chapter 3: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information Matching A) diploid B) phosphodiester C) probe D) pyrimidine E) introns F) cloning G) transformed H) exons I) ampicillin J) autoradiography K) chain-terminator L) purine M) ester 1. Cytosine, uracil, and thymine are derivatives of . Ans: D Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 2. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that are linked by linkages. Ans: B Section 3.2.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 3. Organisms composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes are called organisms. Ans: A Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 4. Eukaryotic genes often contain regions that are transcribed and later excised from the RNA, called . Ans: E Section 3.5.D Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 5. Experiments by Avery and colleagues proved that DNA was the substance that a non- pathogenic pneumococcus strain into a virulent strain. Ans: G Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 6. The method that Sanger developed for DNA sequencing using dideoxy nucleotides is called the method. Ans: K Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 7. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are used in . Ans: F Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 8. Certain plasmids contain genes that confer resistance to . Ans: I Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 9. A small fragment of labeled DNA or RNA used in a hybridization experiment is called a . Ans: C Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 10. After hybridization, the fragment of interest can be detected by . Ans: J Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA Multiple Choice 11. Nucleotides play a central role in living organisms because 12. A) they mediate transport of energy within the cell. 13. B) they are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. 14. C) they are involved in intracellular signaling. 15. D) they function as building blocks for nucleic acids. 16. E) all of the above Ans: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 12. Which of the following statements about nucleotides is false? 13. A) Nucleotides mediate transport of energy within the cell. 14. B) Nucleotides are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. 15. C) Nucleotides store genetic information. 16. D) Nucleotides are involved in biosynthetic reactions. 17. E) none of the above Ans: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 13. What group is attached to the pyrimidine ring in thymine and is not present in uracil? 14. A) ribose 15. B) —CH3 16. C) —NH2 17. D) deoxyribose 18. E) none of the above Ans: B Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 14. The molecule shown in the diagram is a 1. A) 2. B) 3. C) 4. D) 5. E) none of the above Ans: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 15. What is the name of the molecule shown in the diagram? 1. A) adenosine 2. B) cytosine 3. C) cytidine 4. D) cytidine monophosphate 5. E) uridine Ans: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 16. Nucleotides contain one or more phosphate groups that are usually attached to the: 17. A) C3¢ or C5¢ atoms 18. B) C3 or C3¢ atoms 19. C) C5 or N3 atoms 20. D) C1¢ or N3 atoms 21. E) none of the above Ans: A Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 17. ‘AMP’ is used to refer to 18. A) 19. B) adenylic acid. 20. C) adenomethyl purine. 21. D) 22. E) all of the above Answer: B Section 3.1 Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleotides 18. Inside our cells, free nucleotides are almost always associated with . 19. A) proteins 20. B) cholesterol 21. C) Cl− counterions 22. D) fatty acids 23. E) Mg2+ counterions Answer: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 19. Humans typically recycle approximately of ATP each day. 20. A) 50 kg 21. B) 50 mg 22. C) 50 g 23. D) 50 mg 24. E) 500 kg Answer: A Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 20. Nucleoside triphosphates are useful for energy transfer because the phosphoanhydride bonds are relatively . 21. A) stable 22. B) high energy 23. C) biocompatible 24. D) large 25. E) low energy Answer: B Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 21. Nucleoside triphosphates carry energy in the form of 22. A) glycosidic bonds 23. B) phosphoester bonds 24. C) phosphoanhydride bonds 25. D) hydrogen bonds 26. E) amide linkages Answer: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 22. The major carrier of energy in the cell is: 1. A) adenosine monophosphate 2. B) adenosine diphosphate 3. C) adenosine triphosphate 4. D) adenosine tetraphosphate 5. E) flavin adenine dinucleotide Answer: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 23. Which of the following nucleotides contain energy rich bonds? 24. A) ATP 25. B) TTP 26. C) GTP 27. D) CTP 28. E) all of the above Answer: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 24. Which of the following molecules does not contain an energy rich phosphoanhydride bond? 25. A) ADP 26. B) GDP 27. C) AMP 28. D) CDP 29. E) all of the above Answer: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 25. By convention, the sequence of nucleotide residues in a nucleic acid is written starting with the end. 26. A) left to right; 3¢ 27. B) right to left; 3¢ 28. C) left to right; 5¢ 29. D) right to left; 3¢ 30. E) top to bottom; 3¢ Answer: C Section 3.2.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 26. Chargaff’s rules state that: 27. A) The amount of guanine plus cytosine in mammalian genomes varies from about 39 to 46%. 28. B) DNA is always double stranded and RNA is always single stranded. 29. C) DNA contains two grooves, a major groove and a minor groove. 30. D) In DNA the number of adenine residues is identical to the number of thymine residues and the number of guanine residues is identical to the number of cytosine residues. 31. E) DNA contains two strands that run in opposite directions. Answer: D Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 27. Which of the following bases pairs with guanine? Answer: E Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 28. The Watson and Crick model of a double-helical structure for DNA was based, in part, on evidence from 29. A) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. 30. B) IR (infrared) spectroscopy. 31. C) atomic force microscopy. 32. D) electron microscopy. 33. E) X-ray diffraction . Answer: E Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 29. Knowledge about the tautomeric forms of the bases of nucleic acids is needed 30. A) to understand H-bonding between the complementary bases 31. B) to understand how the bases are linked to ribose. 32. C) to understand how bases are linked to deoxyribose. 33. D) to understand the ability of nucleotides to act as energy carriers. 34. E) to distinguish the 5’-end of a DNA strand from the 3’-end. Answer: A Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 30. Nucleotides in a DNA molecule are linked together through 31. A) glycosidic bonds. 32. B) amide linkages. 33. C) hydrogen bonds. 34. D) phosphoanhydride bonds. 35. E) phosphodiester bonds. Answer: E Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 31. A double stranded DNA fragment contains 12% adenine residues. Calculate the percentage cytosine residues. 32. A) 12% 33. B) 24% 34. C) 38% 35. D) 50% 36. E) 78% Answer: C Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 32. Which of the following bases is not present in RNA? Answer: D Section 3.2.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 33. RNA occurs primarily as single stranded molecules that can give rise to structures. 34. A) diploid 35. B) stem-loop 36. C) parallel 37. D) tautomeric 38. E) haploid Answer: B Section 3.2.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 34. In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty did experiments with Diplococcus pneumoniae that proved that 35. A) DNA is double stranded. 36. B) DNA contains deoxyribose. 37. C) DNA can be transcribed into RNA. 38. D) DNA can permanently transform a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogenic strain. 39. E) The structure of DNA provides a mechanism for reliable replication. Answer: D Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 35. In living organisms, genetic information is most often stored in the form of 36. A) ribonucleic acid. 37. B) deoxyribonucleic acid. 38. C) 39. D) 40. E) Answer: B Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 36. It is impossible for RNA to store genetic information, because 37. A) RNA does not base pair and therefore cannot be replicated. 38. B) enzymes cannot process genetic information in the form of RNA. 39. C) RNA forms complex folded structures. 40. D) RNA is very unstable. 41. E) None of the above answers is correct; RNA can store genetic information. Answer: E Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 37. Genomic DNA is , resulting in the production of . 38. A) transcribed; mRNA 39. B) translated; tRNA 40. C) transcribed; protein 41. D) translated; protein 42. E) translated; rRNA Answer: A Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 38. Which of the following nucleic acids provides the key to decoding genetic information? 39. A) tRNA 40. B) rRNA 41. C) mRNA 42. D) DNA 43. E) None of the above Answer: A Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 39. Which diagram depicts correctly a ribosome engaged in translation? A.) a B.) b C.) c D.) d Answer: A Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 40. Transfer RNA molecules are involved in 41. A) 42. B) 43. C) 44. D) reverse transcription. 45. E) posttranslational processing. Answer: B Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 41. Which of the following DNA sequences is considered palindromic? 42. A) AAGCTT 43. B) GAACTT 44. C) GAACAA 45. D) AAGCAA 46. E) AAGTTC Ans: A Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 42. Which of the following DNA sequences (in which N is any nucleic acid residue) is palindromic? 43. A) ANAGCTT 44. B) AANGCTT 45. C) AAGNCTT 46. D) AAGCNTT 47. E) AAGCTNT Ans: C Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 43. Double stranded DNA molecules can be cleaved at specific recognition sites by 44. A) RNA polymerase. 45. B) DNA ligase. 46. C) DNA polymerase. 47. D) reverse transcriptase. 48. E) Type II restriction endonucleases. Answer: E Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 44. Which of the restriction enzymes listed in the table below produces blunt-end fragments? Enzyme Cleavage site AluI AG$CT HindIII A$AGCTT BamHI G$GATCC EcoRI G$AATTC BglII A$GATCA 1. A) AluI 2. B) BamHI 3. C) BglII 4. D) EcoRI 5. E) HindIII Answer: A Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 45. Which of the enzymes listed in the table below produce identical sticky ends? Enzyme Cleavage site AluI AG$CT HindIII A$AGCTT BamHI G$GATCC EcoRI G$AATTC BglII A$GATCA 1. A) AluI and HindIII 2. B) AluI and BamHI 3. C) HindIII and EcoRI 4. D) HindIII and BglII 5. E) BamHI and BglII Answer: E Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 46. Gel electrophoresis generally separates nucleic acids on the basis of 47. A) 48. B) 49. C) 50. D) charge-density. 51. E) none of the above Ans: C Section 3.4.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 47. DNA sequencing using the Sanger method requires 48. A) template, primer, DNA polymerase, mRNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs. 49. B) template, primer, DNA polymerase, dNTPs, ddNTPs. 50. C) template, primer, DNA polymerase, rRNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs. 51. D) template, primer, DNA polymerase, mRNA, dNTPs. 52. E) none of the above Ans: B Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 48. In Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing, DNA polymerase I is used to add nucleotides to the end of the growing polynucleotide chain. 49. A) sticky 50. B) blunt 51. C) 3¢ 52. D) 5¢ 53. E) dideoxy nucleotide containing Answer: C Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 49. DNA sequencing by the chain-termination method utilizes DNA polymerase I to make a complementary copy of the target or template DNA molecule. A reaction with a 20 bp template and dideoxyadenosine nucleotides as terminators results in the production of a 5 bp fragment. Based on this result, we can conclude that the template contains 50. A) a cytosine at position 5. 51. B) a thymine at position 5. 52. C) a cytosine at position 16. 53. D) a thymine at position 16. 54. E) a uracil at position 5. Answer: D Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 50. DNA fragments are usually inserted into a plasmid vector and cloned before they are analyzed by chain termination sequencing because 51. A) DNA fragments need to be pure in order to obtain an unambiguous sequence. 52. B) a large number of identical fragments is needed in a sequencing reaction in order to generate detectable amounts of products. 53. C) plasmid vectors have known sequences that can be used for design and annealing of the primer oligonucleotides, which are used to initiate the sequencing reaction. 54. D) all of the above 55. E) none of the above Answer: D Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 51. Which of the following conclusions about the human genome is (are) true? 52. A) Only about 80% of the human genome is transcribed to RNA. 53. B) Only about 1-2% of the human genome codes for proteins. 54. C) Most of the proteins found in humans are also found in many other animals. 55. D) Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences. 56. E) All of the above. Ans: E Section 3.4.D Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 52. Which of the following conclusions about the human genome is false? 53. A) Only about 80% of the genome is transcribed to RNA. 54. B) Most of the proteins found in humans are unique to vertebrates. 55. C) Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences. 56. D) The genomes of any two people are likely to be 99.9% identical 57. E) None of the above Ans: B Section 3.4.D Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 53. Alterations in genetic information can be caused by 54. A) mistakes made during replication. 55. B) faulty recombination. 56. C) transposition of genes. 57. D) damage caused by chemicals or radiation. 58. E) all of the above Ans: E Section 3.4.E Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 54. Alterations in genetic information cannot be caused by 55. A) mistakes made during replication 56. B) faulty recombination. 57. C) transposition of genes. 58. D) mistakes made during translation. 59. E) all of the above Ans: D Section 3.4.E Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 55. Mutations leading to changes that can be inherited by the next generation have to be introduced into at the level. 56. A) DNA 57. B) rRNA 58. C) protein 59. D) mRNA 60. E) tRNA Answer: A Section 3.4.E Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 56. The production of multiple identical organisms from a single ancestor is called . 57. A) DNA ligation 58. B) phenotyping 59. C) cloning 60. D) transcription 61. E) sequencing Answer: C Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 57. Small circular DNA molecules used to carry foreign DNA fragments are called . 58. A) mRNAs 59. B) bacteriophage 60. C) clones 61. D) plasmids 62. E) nucleotides Answer: D Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 58. In molecular cloning, transformed organisms must be identified. One common method for accomplishing this involves the inclusion of in the plasmid. 59. A) a restriction site 60. B) a nuclease gene 61. C) a deletion 62. D) an origin of replication 63. E) an antibiotic resistance gene Answer: E Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 59. A genomic library 60. A) is a collection of protein structures from a specific organism. 61. B) is a collection of cloned DNA fragments representing all of an organism’s DNA. 62. C) contains only protein-coding DNA sequences. 63. D) is best constructed from very short DNA fragments. 64. E) is built from mRNA by reverse transcription. Answer: B Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 60. Radioactively labeled, single-stranded oligonucleotides are often used in in situ hybridization. Which of the probes listed below would work best, when probing for a RNA molecule containing the sequence 5¢-AGCTAACGGG-3¢? 61. A) 5¢-AGCTAACGGG-3¢ 62. B) 5¢-GGGCAATCGA-3¢ 63. C) 5¢-CCCGTTAGCT-3¢ 64. D) 5¢-TCGATTGCCC-3¢ 65. E) all of the above Answer: C Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 61. In order to perform PCR, which of the following describes the reagents that must be included in the reaction mixture? 62. A) DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, DNA polymerase 63. B) DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, ddNTPS, DNA polymerase 64. C) DNA fragment, one primer, dNTPs, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase 65. D) DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, DNA Ligase 66. E) none of the above Ans: A Section 3.5.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 62. Which of the following statements about PCR is (are) true? 63. A) Small amounts of DNA can be easily amplified to millions of copies. 64. B) PCR is often used in forensics laboratories. 65. C) PCR reaction products can be used in molecular cloning. 66. D) PCR is used in clinical laboratories. 67. E) All of the above. Ans: E Section 3.5.C Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 63. DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used in PCR because 64. A) it is a soluble protein. 65. B) the genes from Thermus aquaticus are readily distinguished from those of ‘normal’ organisms. 66. C) the enzyme is readily deactivated by heat, effectively halting the reaction. 67. D) it is stable at high temperatures. 68. E) it is not infectious. Answer: D Section 3.5.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 64. A gene knockout is 65. A) a gene that has been inactivated or removed from an organism. 66. B) a dominant gene that knocks-out expression of other genes. 67. C) a gene inserted in place of another gene. 68. D) a gene present on a YAC. 69. E) none of the above Ans: A Section 3.5.D Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 65. Recombinant DNA technology can be used for 66. A) constructing mutant proteins. 67. B) the industrial production of useful proteins. 68. C) producing transgenic organisms. 69. D) correcting genetic defects. 70. E) all of the above Answer: E Section 3.5.D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA Short Answer