PRN 1178 client centered care 2 exam 1 graded A 2023

4 main functions of water in the body - Act as a vehicle of transportation of substances to and from cells 4 main functions of water in the body - Aid heat regulations by providing perspiration which evaporates 4 main functions of water in the body - Assist with maintence of hydrogen balance in the body 4 main functions of water in the body - To serve as a medium for the enzymatic action for digestion How much of the body is water? - More than half - 60% males contain 50% females contain 60% due to fat tissue Lose more fluid through skin than adults - Infants - kidneys are not as efficient as adults less fluid absorption Adults - age related decline in total body water - Diminished thirst sensations; decrease in urine concentrating abilities of kidneys; decreases the effectiveness of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Hypovolemia - Abnormal decrease in the volume of blood plasma (occurs with dehydration or bleeding) What is critical in maintaining homeostasis - Water Cells can't function without - Water - death will occur Electrolytes are - Minerals or salt dissolved in body fluid. Major source is from diet Electrolytes are measured - MEq/L Electrolytes in - A solution breaks into particles known as ions from reactions from hydrogen and electrolyte Ions - Develop a positive electrical charge known as citations; for each positive charge in a fluid compartment there must be a negatively charged anion so that the balance is maintained Circulating blood volume - 4 to 6 liters Erythrocytes - Red cells - carried in plasma Leukocytes - White cells - carried in plasma Platelets - thrombocytes - carried in plasma Cancer - Results from defect in DNA genes; Inherited or caused by mutation; carcinogens is external and internal environment ***men and women who are overweight by 40% or more have a 33%-35% greater risk of developing cancer than persons of normal weight*** Environmental agents - Carcinogen exposure ( x-rays, sun, UV light, lifestyle, tobacco use ) viruses are capable of introducing new genetic material into normal cell and transforming it into a malignant one Cancer warning signs - Unusual bleeding; sores that don't heal; change in bowel or bladder habits; lump in breast or other part of the body; nagging cough; dysphangia (difficulting swallowing); change in mole cancer prevention - Make early detection; nitrite and food additives - cancer stimulators; moderation in drinking alcohol too much can cause liver damage, vitamin c (bacon) Common problems cancer - Anorexia; malnutrition; mucositis; weight loss of 2 or more lbs per week; fatigue; hyperuricemia- elevated uric acids; immunosuppression decreases WBC Biopsy - Sample of tissues Radiologic - X-Ray; CT ; MRI Endoscopy - Scope of throat Laboratory - Blood + urine Dietary requirements- malignancies ( cancerous tumors) - Foods high in protein and calories, bland, lukewarm; carbonated drinks can be tolerated but not taken with meals 1 hr before or after; *** caffeine, rich or fatty foods AVOID*** Mucositis- irritation and inflammation of the mucosa in the mouth - Mouth must be moist; swish and spit meds for PAIN RELEIF; maintain oral hygiene Cancer nursing interventions - Medications: antiemetic's - monitor for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance