BIOL 471 Final Exam (A+ GUARANTEED)

Major types of mutations correct answers Point Mutations (SNSs) - synonymous and non-synonymous Insertions and Deletions - Indels, IS insertions, large deletions Duplications Chromosomal changes: Inversions and translocations, Ploidy changes translocation example correct answers evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. why do plants have alkaloids? defense mechanism against predators such as herbivores. use of n-methyl transferases mutations rates example correct answers per base pair per replication - rare and consistent across organisms per replication per haploid genome - varies amongst organisms and increases with larger genome, common per sexual generation per effective genome - common, increases with larger genome. effects one generation to the next lots of mutations at a population level mutations rates (per generation) and genome size correct answers correlation between genome size and mutation rate. As genome size increases so does mutation rate. Larger generation time means more replication rates variation in genome size correct answers There is a lot of variation within family of organisms. Model systems have smaller genomes making it easier to study Genetic Variation Drosophila ADH example correct answers Variation in allele concentrations across Australian continent. Genetic Variation Drosophila CF example correct answers sequence variation in CF locus in humans shows huge variability in disease patterns % of human genetic variation within and between populations correct answers Lots of genetic variation within a population and less do between populations As the distance from Ethiopia increases, so does the mean heterozygosity Principle Component Analysis correct answers looked at PC1 and PC2 correlation and found geographical areas were different from each other like East Asia vs Africa.