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abduction the movement of the eye outward toward the temple. aberrometry The measurement of optical aberrations of the visual system using a device called a wavefront ananlyzer or an aberrometer abrasion a scratch abscess a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue. absolute scotoma a severe visual field defect in which the largest and brightest stimulus cannot be seen; blindness at that specific location accommodation The change in the curvature of the crystalline lens that helps to focus images of objects close to the eye acidic burns a chemical injury to tissue, caused by an agent of low pH acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome AIDS An infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes a compromised immune system acute Refers to a condition that flares up suddenly and persists for only a short time. add The portion of the multifocal lens (usually the lower part) that provides correction for near vision. also called segment or near add adduction The movement of the eye inward toward the nose adenovirus A family of viruses involved primarily in respiratory infections; can cause hightly contagious forms of conjunctivitis adnexa The tissues and structures surrounding the eye; includes the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus afferent pupillary defect APD A pupil with normal iris function that fails to constrict normally with direct light stimulation, but reacts strongly consensually, or when the fellow eye is stimulated. Usually secondary to optic nerve disease. "against motion" The retinoscopic reflex movement that is in the opposite direction from the movement of the streak of light from the retinoscope; typical of the myopic eye age-related macular degeneration ARMD A disease in which sensory cells of the macula degenerate, resulting in a loss of central vision; usually affects older people alkali burn A chemical injury to tissue, cased by an agent of high pH allergic reaction A condition in which the body produces antibodies to foreign materials such as food, plant pollens, or medications alternate cover test A test performed by placing an occluder over one eye and then moving it slowly over to the other eye to detect a tendency for the eyes to deviate while under the occluder (such an ocular misalignment is know as a phoria) Also called cross-cover test altitudinal scotoma The joining and enlargement of a nasal step visual field defect and an arcuate scotoma to cause loss of the entire upper or lower visual field amblyopia Decreased vision present without apparent abnormalities in the ocular anatomy and uncorrectable by spectacles or contact lenses; results from visual deprivation in early childhood ametropia The refractive state of an eye that is unable to focus correctly due to a refractive error A-mode ultrasonography or A-Scan ultrasonography A diagnostic procedure in which sound waves traveling in a staight line are used to reveal the position of, and distances between, structures with the eye and orbit. This techhnology helps to determine the power selection of an intraocular lens Amsler grid test A test for determining the presence and location of defects in the cenetral portion of the visual field. anatomy The structure of an organism anesthetic A drug that causes a temporary deadening of a nerve, resulting in loss of feeling in the surrounding tissue angiogenesis The formation of new blood vessels Angiography A method of examining and recording size, structure, and location of blood vessels in organ systems, using fluorescent dyes. anisocoria a condition in which the pupils are of unequal size anterior The front part of a structure anterior chamber angle The junction of the cornea and the iris, from which aqueous humor leaves the eye. Also called filtration angle. anterior chamber The small compartment between the cornea and the iris that is filled with a clear, transparent fluid called aqueous humor anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) Insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve head resulting in a lack of oxygen and subsequent infarction of (loss of) the nerve fibers and loss of vision anterior segment The front of the eye; includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the vitreous anti-angiogenesis A process or agent that prevents new blood vessel growth antibiotic a drug that combats a bacterial infection antibody A chemical substance that the body manufactures to neutralize an infecting micoorganism, toxin, or foreign agent. antifungal A drug that combats a fungal infection antimetabolite A substance that interferes with a metabolite necessary for normal metabolic functions; often used to disrupt proliferation of cancersous or other abnormal cells, antimetabolites may also be used to prevent normal re-growth in circumstances where it is not desirable antireflective AR A treatment that reduces or eleminates reflections from the surface of a lens antivascular endothelium growth factor (anti-VEGF) A therapeutic drug used in intravitreal injections that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It acts by deminishing the stimulus for abnormal new vessel growth (angiogenesis), a known cause of wet age-related macular degeneration antiviral A drug that combats a viral infection apex The top, as of a prism aphakia The absence of the crystalline lens, usually abecause of cataract extraction aphakic correction The use of a contact lens, eyeglasses, or an intraocular lens to improve visual acuity in aphakic patients. applanation A form of tonometry in which the force required to flatten a small area of the central aqueous humor The clear, transparent fluid that fills the anterior chamber arc perimeter An instrument used to test peripheral vision using bands of half circles placed at various meridians arcuate scotoma or Bjerrum scotoma An arc-shaped area of reduced sensitivity, or blindness, in the visual field. Also known as Bjerrum scotoma or comet sotoma arcus or arcus senilis A common degenerative change in which the outer edge of the cornea gradually becomes opaque, generally in both eyes; usually affects people over the age of 50. aseptic technique A range of procedures used in medical environments to prevent the spread of infectious microbes astigmatic keratotomy (AK) A surgical technique to correct astigmatism that employs transverse or arcuate incisions perpendicular to the steepest meridian of the cornea astigmatism The refractive error of an eye whose corneal surface curvature is greater in one meridian than the other; both distant and near objects appear blurred and distorted