ATI TEAS VI (6) - Science

Anatomical Position - correct answer Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward Cells - correct answer The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created Cellular Functions - correct answer Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement Body Cavities - correct answer spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs Organ Systems - correct answer Functional groups of organs that work together within the body: Circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous; 11 total Organelle - correct answer A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function Organ - correct answer A self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function Reference Planes - correct answer Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse Sagittal/Lateral Plane - correct answer A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides; Left/Right division Coronal/Frontal Plane - correct answer A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions; Front/Back division Transverse/Axial Plane - correct answer A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts; Top/Bottom division Tissue - correct answer A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs Centrosome - correct answer Forms mitotic spindle (cell division); Builds microtubules (non dividing cells) Cilia/Flagella - correct answer Movement Ribosomes - correct answer Protein Synthesis Rough ER - correct answer Protein synthesis and processing Smooth ER - correct answer Fatty acid and steroid (lipid) synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer The transport network that is responsible for the transference of proteins throughout a cell; a network of membranes found throughout the cell Golgi Apparatus/Complex - correct answer Packages and sends proteins; Assists in the transport, but is not the actual transport network Lysosomes - correct answer Break down/digest molecules Mitochondria - correct answer ATP Production Nucleus - correct answer Controls structure, produces ribosomes, and directs cell Peroxisome - correct answer Oxidation and detoxification Proteasome - correct answer Degrades bad proteins Cytoskeleton - correct answer Cell shape, support, and movement (includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) Superior - correct answer Towards the head of the body Inferior - correct answer Away from the head Anterior - correct answer Front Posterior - correct answer Back Lateral - correct answer Away from midline Medial - correct answer Towards midline Proximal - correct answer Toward center of body/point of attachment Distal - correct answer Away from center of body/point of attachment Alveoli - correct answer Tiny air sacs i the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place Asthma - correct answer A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing Bronchi - correct answer The main passageways directly attached to the lungs Bronchioles - correct answer Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli Cystic Fibrosis - correct answer A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections Perfusion - correct answer The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue Pleura - correct answer A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity Surfactant - correct answer A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs Tidal Volume - correct answer The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation Trachea - correct answer The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs Ventilation - correct answer The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation Arteries - correct answer Blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body Capillary - correct answer Small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules Diastole - correct answer The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood Heart - correct answer The muscle that pumps blood throughout the body Hemoglobin - correct answer The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body Leukocyte - correct answer White blood cells, which protect the body against disease Lymph - correct answer Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease Lymphocyte - correct answer A subtype of white blood cell found in lymph Plasma - correct answer The pale yellow component of blood that caries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body Systole - correct answer The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood Vein - correct answer Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Blood Flow - correct answer Right Atrium -- Tricuspid Valve -- Right Ventricle -- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -- Lungs -- Pulmonary Veins -- Left Atrium -- Bicuspid/Mitral Valve -- Left Ventricle --Aortic Semilunar Valve -- Aorta -- Systemic Arteries -- Body/Systemic Circulation --Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -- Right Atrium/Beginning Anus - correct answer The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled Bolus - correct answer A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed; Propelled forward by peristalsis Chyme - correct answer The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine Gall Bladder - correct answer The organ that stores bile Large Intestine - correct answer Also known as the colon; Where vitamins (esp. K) and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination Liver - correct answer The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, performs other bodily functions Mouth - correct answer The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal Pancreas - correct answer The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that PRODUCES INSULIN and secrete pancreatic juices Peristalsis - correct answer A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract Rectum - correct answer The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus Saliva - correct answer The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit Small Intestine - correct answer The part of the GI Tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs Stomach - correct answer The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs Mouth Function - correct answer Breaks food down, and begins chemical digestion (specifically digestion of carbohydrates/starches) Esophagus Function - correct answer Secretes mucus and transports foo into the stomach Stomach Function - correct answer Serve as mixing chamber and holding reservoir; Secretes gastric juice (with HCl), pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase, and gastrin Liver Function - correct answer Main function is to filter and process blood Pancreas Function - correct answer Assists in the digestion of foods by secreting enzymes that help to break down many foods (esp. fats and proteins); Also secretes a large amount of sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid that reaches the small intestine Small Intestine Function - correct answer Absorbs most nutrients; Main absorption organ of the digestive tract Large Intestine Function - correct answer Concentrates, mixes, and stores waste material; Absorbs water, ions, and vitamins; Produces some B vitamins and vitamin K Mouth Enzymes - correct answer Salivary amilase; Salivary lipase Stomach Enzymes - correct answer Gastric Lipase; Pepsin(ogen); HCL Liver Enzymes - correct answer Bile (stored in gallbladder) Pancreas Enzymes - correct answer Pancreatic juices (Bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin(ogen), proteases, and amylase) Small Intestine Enzymes - correct answer Brush border enzymes (Proteases, lactase, disaccharides) Stomach Hormones - correct answer Gastrin; Ghrelin Pancreas Hormones - correct answer Secretin; Somatostatin; Insulin; Glucagon Small Intestine Hormones - correct answer Cholecystokinin; Somatostatin; Secretin; Motilin Peripheral Nervous System - correct answer Consists of nerves and ganglia Central Nervous System - correct answer Consists of brain and spinal cord Somatic Nervous System - correct answer Controls five senses and voluntary movement of skeletal muscle; includes afferent and efferent nerves Autonomic Nervous System - correct answer Maintains homeostasis within the body by controlling the body functions not consciously directed; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic Sympathetic Nervous System - correct answer Controls the body's reaction to extreme, stressful, and emergency situations; "Fight or Flight" Parasympathetic Nervous System - correct answer Counteracts the effects of the sympathetic nervous system; "rest and digest" system Axon - correct answer Nerve fiber Contraction - correct answer Shortening or elongating a muscle to perform muscle actions Involuntary - correct answer Without intentional control Muscle - correct answer Soft tissue that produces force and motion to move the body; Primary component is protein Nerve - correct answer A bundle of axons that transmits electrical impulses to peripheral organs Reflex - correct answer An involuntary movement in reaction to a stimulus Relaxation - correct answer Release of tension Synapse - correct answer The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons Voluntary - correct answer Performed on purpose Sensory Neurons - correct answer Transmit signals to the CNS from sensory receptors Motor Neurons - correct answer Transmit signals from the CNS to the rest of the body Interneurons - correct answer Transmit signals between neurons Cervix - correct answer The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus Estrogen - correct answer Female sex hormones Fallopian Tubes - correct answer Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus Ovary - correct answer Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction Penis - correct answer Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body