WGU SOCIOLOGY C273 Final Test With Complete Solutions Graded A

WGU SOCIOLOGY C273 Final Test With Complete Solutions Graded A Who was the founder of conflict theory? *** Karl Marx Which idea did Auguste Comte introduce to the field of sociology? *** Positivism Which sociological perspective views society as being made up of groups competing for scarce resources? *** Conflict theory How would a functionalist theory explain the complexity of American families in the early twenty-first century? *** The complex patterns of family life permit greater economic and emotional security for individuals from diverse backgrounds. Experiments *** A controlled setting in which specific variables are manipulated and the outcomes are measured Surveys *** A series of questions asked of a sample of people Participant observation *** Research that takes place while the researcher actively participates in a setting Secondary Analysis *** The study of data that have already been collected What is the purpose of having ethical standards in social research? *** To protect human subjects Why is it considered unethical for sociologists to mislead their research participants? *** Because people have the right to give informed consent before participating in research What is an example of non-material culture? *** Language Which concept do sociologists use to describe a group whose values and goals are in opposition to mainstream culture? *** Counterculture What role do a culture's values play in social interactions? *** Values define a culture's standards for good and bad, beautiful and ugly, right and wrong. How does the workplace act as an agent of socialization? *** It is an environment where one can acquire new perspectives of the world. Where do most people first encounter gender socialization? *** Family How might Charles Horton Cooley use the concept of the looking-glass self to explain the influence of media on identity and behavior? *** Media affects the way that people perceive themselves because media reflects society's views of itself. Which area of social life would be analyzed from the perspective of macro-sociology? *** Social class Which agent of socialization focuses primarily on establishing norms of moral behavior? *** Religion How do sociologists describe the role of peers across the different stages of life? *** They serve as agents of socialization. Which two concepts reflect sociological ways of thinking about the development of self? *** The looking-glass self The generalized other What is the position of conflict theorists regarding deviance? *** Deviant behavior is defined by those with power. What is one factor psychologists, in contrast to sociologists, favor when explaining deviant behavior? *** Personality disorders What is a secondary group? *** A group that is created through similar interests, activities, or professions Which social theorist was the first to analyze bureaucracies as powerful forms of social organization that are concerned with the "bottom line?"*** Max Weber A student is well prepared for a class assignment, and she feels confident she knows the correct answers to the questions the teacher will ask during a group discussion. However, the student is reluctant to raise her hand to answer the questions to avoid making her classmates look bad. Which term explains the student's behavior within the social structure of the group?*** Role strain Which social structure concept did Emile Durkheim refer to as a shared consciousness that develops from groups performing similar tasks?*** Mechanical solidarity Which type of influence could convince good people to participate in heinous acts, according to Stanley Milgram's research?*** Authority How does ranking nations by their level of global industry or their ability to industrialize describe global stratification?*** The greater a country's global industrialization, the more likely it is to be a first world country. What is a primary cause of global stratification?*** Colonialism How do educational disparities relate to economic disparities that cause global stratification?*** Less industrialized countries do not have the economic resources to advance their educational systems because they owe too much money to the most industrialized nations; they have to allocate too many resources toward servicing that debt. Why do conflict theorists argue that social stratification is universal?*** The powerful use society's resources to their benefit and to oppress others. According to the sociologists who draw upon Max Weber's ideas, which three components make up social class?*** Property, prestige, power What is an example of a status inconsistency?*** A teacher has a low income and high level of education. What is the primary determinant of social class, according to Marx?*** Whether a person is an owner or a worker What is one way upward mobility of African Americans affect the lifestyles of individuals?*** It may cause a separation from their roots and significant others. What do sociologists focus on as an explanation for why people are poor?*** Social structure What is the difference between race and ethnicity?*** Race refers to biological characteristics, and ethnicity refers to cultural characteristics. Native Americans were exposed to new diseases by white settlers and faced the destruction of their food supply from white settlers and soldiers. In some places, white people were paid a bounty if they killed a Native American. Which effect did this type of colonialism and racial discrimination have on U.S. society?*** The contribution of Native Americans was reduced because their population was reduced by 95%. Which outcome for students is produced by the combination of a student's culture and racial discrimination?*** Latinos have the lowest percentage of high school completion. How does the symbolic interactionist describe prejudice?*** Prejudice is created by labels and is therefore created by selective perception. What contributes to the gender pay gap in the U.S.?*** Women take off longer periods of work to rear children. Women are socialized into career paths that pay less. Which condition in marriages do sociologists view as being shaped by culturally defined gender roles?*** Who holds decision-making power How would sociologists describe the effects of industrialization on the aging population?*** Living standards improve, allowing more people to reach older ages. Which perspective on aging stresses that a balance between competing groups is only temporary, and can be upset at any time?*** Conflict perspective Which societal problem may countries that experience rapid population growth in the coming decades experience, according to New Malthusians and conflict theorists?*** Competition over access to scarce resources may cause political unrest Which problem associated with urban expansion is responsible for driving up the prices of home-ownership and rent in poor areas, ultimately forcing the original impoverished group out?*** Gentrification Where do we observe the highest rates of population growth?*** Least industrialized nations Anti-Malthusian*** of or relating to the theories of T. R. Malthus, which state that population tends to increase faster, at a geometrical ratio, than the means of subsistence, which increases at an arithmetical ratio, and that this will result in an inadequate supply of the goods supporting life unless war, famine, or disease reduces New Malthusian*** of or relating to Malthus or to his theory that population tends to increase at a faster rate than its means of subsistence and that unless it is checked by moral restraint or disaster (such as disease, famine, or war) widespread poverty and degradation inevitably result. Traditional societies view on marriage*** Marriage is extended; it is embedded in a large kinship network of explicit obligations. Marriage is encompassing; it encompasses economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, recreation, sexual control, and reproduction Industrial/postindustrial societies' view on marriage*** Marriage is nuclear; it has fewer expectations on the spouse's relatives. Marriage is limited; many functions are fulfilled by other institutions. Which theoretical perspective holds that marriage is a tool for societal survival?*** Functionalist What have sociologists observed about cohabitation in the U.S. since 1970?*** Rates of cohabitation have rapidly increased. How does social class affect parenting?*** Working class parents tend to have jobs with strict rules and guidelines; they tend to focus on teaching their children compliance rather than motivation. According to sociologists, which group of families is more likely to use shaming rather than physical punishment as a social control?*** Asian American families Which group has the highest percentage of two-parent households?*** Asian Americans What is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy in schools?*** A student labeled as a slow reader remains so. Graduates from some universities were having difficulty getting jobs. Grade inflation is one way schools have solved the problem. What does this mean the universities did?*** The universities raised the grades of all students. What is the reason for higher test scores among students who attend private religious schools as opposed to public schools, according to sociological studies?*** Higher standards and parental involvement What is a latent function of educational institutions in the U.S.?*** Encouragement of teamwork Which religious group is so closely linked with the government and the dominant culture that belonging to the group is a part of a person's national identity?*** Ecclesia Auguste Comte*** Positivism Karl Marx*** Conflict theory Emile Durkeim*** social integration, mechanical and organic solidarity Max Weber*** Protestant Ethic, Weber disagreed with Marx's claim that economics is the central force in social change, bureaucracies as powerful forms of social organization that are concerned with the "bottom line" Jane Addams*** social reformer founded Hull House W.E.B Dubois*** race relations symbolic interactionism*** a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another George herbert mead how people use symbols in their everyday life microsociology face-to-face interaction key terms:symbols, meaning, interaction, labels, definitions/language Allow relationships to exist Help sociologist analyze how our behaviors depend on the way in which we define ourselves and others Help people study how people make sense out of their lives Change over time as our views, beliefs, and experiences in life change us functional analysis*** a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism robert merton society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together functionalism structural functionalism macrosociology key terms, functions, equilibrium, structure, dysfunctions conflict theory*** a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources karl marx society is composed of groups who compete for scare resources feminists and conflict theory sexism, racism, poverty macrosociology key terms, inequality, scare resources, power, exploitation key elements of culture*** language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects ethnocentrism*** the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging he ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors Harriet Martineau*** social research social deviant*** violation of the norm William Ogburn*** Recognized mutual affection in marriage Herbert Spencer*** Idea that society evolves from lowest form to higher forms Robert Merton*** Function and dysfunction Talcott Parsons*** Abstract models for sociology 3 types of sociology*** Functional analysis conflict theory symbolic interactionism positivism*** the application of the scientific approach to the social world looking-glass self*** a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us cultural relativism*** not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms agents of socialization*** people or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life generalized other*** the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self role strain*** conflicts that someone feels within a role mechanical solidarity*** a shared consciousness that develops from groups performing similar tasks, emile durkheim Gemeinschaft*** a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness Gesellschaft*** a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest organic solidarity*** Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs dramaturgy*** an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis stanley milgram*** authority could convince good people to participate in heinous acts estate stratification*** system the stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates: the nobility, clergy, and commoners social stratification*** the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group caste system*** a form of social stratification in which people's statuses are lifelong conditions determined by birth selective perception*** seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others colonialism*** the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources gentrification*** middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes ecclesia*** a religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion self-fulfilling prophecy*** Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted How would a functionalist explain the fact that all societies are stratified?*** In order for a society to be stable, the positions that are most demanding must offer greater rewards. How would a symbolic interactionist describe aging?*** The meaning of growing old depends on the time and place in which it is being defined. Which of the following statements represents a symbolic interactionist perspective on deviance?*** Labeling a teenager as delinquent may lead to the teenager internalizing the label and engaging in delinquent acts. How would a conflict theorist describe problems in the educational system in the United States?*** Unequal funding results in inequality and more resources for some schools. How would a conflict theorist explain aging and retirement?*** There is intergenerational conflict and a struggle for resources, including Social Security and Medicare.