Maryville Patho 611 Exam 1 Practice Quiz Questions Graded A+

Maryville Patho 611 Exam 1 Practice Quiz Questions Graded A+ Pathologic hyperplasia Produces an abnormal proliferation of abnormal cells Free radicals may be produced by spontaneous decay of superoxide Alcohol (ethanol) is metabolized via the microsomal p-450 oxidase pathway Aging is associated with increased cross-linking of collagen What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Proteins What prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane? Phospholipid bilayer Which mode of chemical signaling use blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? Hormone signaling Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized? Paracrine signaling Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to Receptors How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? Chemical messengers such as ligands When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by: adenosine monophosphate (AMP) What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? oxidative phosphorylation How is passive transport described? It is driven by osmosis, filtration, and diffusion Active transport occurs across membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported A person with chronic heart failure has edema in the lower legs and sacral area. The nurse practitioner suspects this is due to an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure A person reports severe diarrhea for 2 days. The nurse practitioner understands this stimulates a increase in antidiuretic hormone secretion A person arrives in the ER after a loss of consciousness and the development of Kussmaul respirations. The individual has a history of diabetes and 2 days of vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse practitioner suspects the person has metabolic acidosis A person with a history of chronic lung disease arrives in the clinic with a 1-week history of a productive cough, headache, and muscle twitching. The nurse practitioner suspects the person is experiencing respiratory acidosis Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of osmotic forces The most significant consequence of hypokalemia is muscular weakness At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis? Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance A patient has a long history of smoking. He has blood studies done because he is very tired, short of breath, and just does not feel well. His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3, HCO3 27 mEq/L, CO2 58mmHg. What is the interpretation of these gases? respiratory acidosis Which is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis A programmed cell death of scattered single cells During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why is there an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell? Because sodium chloride enters the cell During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the cell? Because the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells? They increase in size What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease How do free radicals cause cell damage By giving up an electron, causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling? Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell What is the most common site of lipid accumulation? Liver Nondividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia True Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation False Hyppertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together False A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that he normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking True Dysplastic changes may be reversible but may become malignant True The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia True Irreversible damage to the myocardium can be detected by elevation in the contractile protein called troponin, which is released from the myocardial muscle True Chemical injuries initiate biochemical reactions that damage cell membranes by decreasing the permeability of the plasma membrane False Noise, illumination, and prolonged vibrations can cause cellular injury True Melanin protects skin against long exposure to sunlight and prevents skin cancer True Aging is the result of a genetically controlled development program or built-in self-destructive processes True