FTCE Elementary Education K-6

FTCE Elementary Education K-6 main idea Can be stated or implied. Code Emphasis approach Bottom-up. Letter-sounds are stressed. Reading instruction begins with words that consists of letter or letter combinations that have the same sound in different words. Meaning Emphasis approach emphasizes comprehension from the start Basal Reading A collection of students textbooks, workbooks, teachers manuals, and other materials and resources for reading instriction used in kindergarten through 6th grade, not individualized. Phonics Approach teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations Whole word approach An approach to reading sating that people can directly connect the written word with the word's meaning. The whole-word approach argues against "sounding out" an unfamiliar word. Instead, readers should identify the word in terms of its context within a sentence. Language experience approach approach to writing instruction from personal experience; stories about personal experiences are written by teacher and read together until learner associates written form of word with spoken; can also be a group activity restating stories read by teacher Word consciousness learning activities that stimulate awareness and interest in words, their meanings, and their power - students enjoy words and are zealous about learning them Reading Experience Mercer and Mercer divided the reading experience into two categories : Word Recognition and Word and Idea comprehension. Characteristics of Good Readers 1. Think about what they are reading and formulate questions and answer them 2. Attempt to pronounce unknown words using analogies to familiar words 3. Establish a purpose for reading and make predictions 4. Confirm, make new predictions, and go back when things don't make sense during reading Stages of Writing 1. Prewriting 2. Drafting 3. Revising 4. Editing 5. Publication Responding to non-graded writing formative 1. Avoid using a red pen 2. Explain criteria in advance 3. Ask yourself if response is appropriate to assignment 4. Reread and note at the end if the student has met the objective 5. Response should be non-critical 7. Highlight areas you want to emphasis 8. suggest and encourage students to take risks. Teaching Styles a teacher's choice of emphasis, instruction, interactions, methods of communicating, and classroom mannerisms Task oriented instruction Teacher prescribes the resourses and indentifies specific performances cooperation centered student and teacher plan the course of study child centered student plans his or her own course of study subject oriented well organized content dictates the course of study learning centered combines child centered and subject centered emotionally exciting Teachers that teach with more emotion then with structure. socio-cognitive approach emphasises the importance everyday teaching a child receives from adults and older children. Both a child's environment and biological influences are important in development. Vygotsky primary psych. Different from Piaget because though child's social environment just as important as biological stages they pass through (Math)Describing characterizing an object (Math) Classifying sorting objects in terms of one or more criteria (math) Comparing Determining if sets are alike or different. (Math) Ordering Ex. sorting childen according to age. Herbivores an organism that eats only plants. Omnivores an organism that eats both plants and animals. carnivores Meat eaters Abiotic Factors nonliving parts of an ecosystem Producers organisms that make their own food consumers an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. Darwin English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection () Theory of Natural Selection Heritable variation in traits influencing survival (ego reproduction) exists; therefore some individuals contribute more offspring to the next generation than others (differential survival and reproduction); heritable traits of these successful individuals become increasingly more abundant in the population over time; ergo avg. characteristics of the population change over time as the population evolves Ecology the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment biomes a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions. Marine Biome largest biome, most stable with little variation in temperature, provides most of earth's food and oxygen, divided into regions based on amount of light they receive Tropical Rain Forest biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth Savanna a flat grassland in tropical or subtropical regions Desert an arid region with little or no vegetation Temperate Decidous In _____ _______ forests, most plants stop growing during the winter and begin growing in the spring. Taiga biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw Tundra a vast treeless plain in the arctic regions between the ice cap and the tree line Permafrost ground that is permanently frozen Succession (ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established Parasitism the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) Commensalism the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it mutualism the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent competition the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resource Predation the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey Carrying Capacity largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support Biotic factors living parts of an ecosystem Abiotic factors nonliving parts of an ecosystem Biochemical cycles Cycling of elements and compounds between living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. water cycle The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back carbon cycle the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again nitrogen cycle the circulation of nitrogen phosphorus cycle The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks. Phosphours needed for the backbone of DNA and ATP manufacture ecological problems nonrenewable resources are fragile and must be conserved for use in the future biological magnification increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web simplication of the food web Three major crops(rice, corn,wheat) The planting of these cause the land to be cleared. Less room for animal. Leads to over population in smaller areas. fuel sources strip mining and the overuse of oil reserve have depleted these resources. pollution undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities Global Warming an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes) Parts of the sun 1. Core-inner portion where fusion takes place 2. Photosphere- surface of the Sun, produces Sunspots (cool, dark areas) 3. Chromosphere- Hydrogen gas causes this to be red, solar flares (sudden brightness) and solar prominences (gases that shoot outward) happen here 4. Corona- transparent area of the Sun visible only during a total eclipse solar radiation Emission of energy from the sun in the form of shortwave electromagnetic waves. Solar flares eruptions of gas from the sun's surface that occurs when the loops in sunspot regions suddenly connects Moon Phases new moon, (waxing or waning) crescent moon, quarter moon, (waxing or waning) gibbous moon, and full moon West Coast Tide 4X per day. 2 High and 2 Low Spring Tide When the tidal range is greatest. (full moon and new moon) Neap Tides tides with minimum daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarters of the moon Physical Composition of Mountians igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary folded mountians form at convergant boundries for when continents collide and rock layers are sqqueezed together and puushed uppward Cinder cone volcanoes Eruptions from cinder cone volcanoes are violent and explosive because of all the gas trapped in the magma. Sheild Volcanoes A volcano produced by repeated nonexplosive eruptions of lava, creating a gradually sloping, shield-shaped low dome often contains a caldera at its summit. composite volcanoes A tall, cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials dip-slip blocks move parallel to fault plane dip reverse fault a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression strike-slip a plate boundary at which two plates slip past one another horizontally Intrusive Rock Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth's surface Extrusive Rock Rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface Dikes an embankment of earth and rock built to prevent floods laccolith a massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata caldera a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression Continental Glacier a glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice