AROMATIC RING CHEMISTRY
FOR DESIGNER CHEMICALS
Unit 14 Assignment B
UNIT 14 APPLICATION OF ORGANIC CHEMITRY
, 29/11/2022
Table of Contents
Explain the structure of benzene using sigma and pi bonding, proving evidence for the structure (P2)
...............................................................................................................................................................2
History of benzene.............................................................................................................................2
Kekulé structure for benzene.........................................................................................................3
Explain the chemical properties of industrially important benzene and monosubstituted benzene
compounds. (P3)....................................................................................................................................5
Benzene vs phenol vs methylbenzene...............................................................................................5
Various chemical reactions of benzene.........................................................................................5
Industrial uses................................................................................................................................6
Various chemical reactions of phenol............................................................................................7
Industrial uses................................................................................................................................9
Various chemical reactions of methylbenzene..............................................................................9
Industrials uses............................................................................................................................11
Compare the mechanisms for addition and substitution reactions of benzene. (M3).........................12
Four mechanisms of the benzene during substitution and addiction reaction................................12
Friedel-crafts alkylation reaction.................................................................................................12
Sulfonation reaction....................................................................................................................13
Chlorination reaction...................................................................................................................14
Hydrogenation reaction...............................................................................................................15
Analyse the effects of different Mon substituents on the benzene ring to predict further substitution
positions of a reaction species on the benzene ring. (D2)...................................................................16
The effects of different monosubstitutets on the benzene ring......................................................16
References:..........................................................................................................................................22
1
, 29/11/2022
Explain the structure of benzene using sigma and pi
bonding, proving evidence for the structure (P2)
History of benzene
Benzene with a formula of C6H6, is a colourless liquid that was first discovered in
1845 by Michael Faraday. Benzene is classified as an aromatic compound firstly
because of its multiple aroma or odour but later benzene was classified because
of its structure and the chemical reactivity.
Benzene is composed of H atoms and C atoms (1s 22s2 2px22py1). And each carbon
is combined with three other atoms, therefore one of the 2s2 pairs will be
promoted into the vacant 2pz.
An electron is thus encouraged as a result. The electron can be easily promoted
from the occupied 2s orbital to the empty 2p orbital to produce 4 unpaired
electrons due to the tiny energy difference between the two orbitals.
Because of only three boding, the carbon only hybridise three of the orbitals
rather than all four.
2
FOR DESIGNER CHEMICALS
Unit 14 Assignment B
UNIT 14 APPLICATION OF ORGANIC CHEMITRY
, 29/11/2022
Table of Contents
Explain the structure of benzene using sigma and pi bonding, proving evidence for the structure (P2)
...............................................................................................................................................................2
History of benzene.............................................................................................................................2
Kekulé structure for benzene.........................................................................................................3
Explain the chemical properties of industrially important benzene and monosubstituted benzene
compounds. (P3)....................................................................................................................................5
Benzene vs phenol vs methylbenzene...............................................................................................5
Various chemical reactions of benzene.........................................................................................5
Industrial uses................................................................................................................................6
Various chemical reactions of phenol............................................................................................7
Industrial uses................................................................................................................................9
Various chemical reactions of methylbenzene..............................................................................9
Industrials uses............................................................................................................................11
Compare the mechanisms for addition and substitution reactions of benzene. (M3).........................12
Four mechanisms of the benzene during substitution and addiction reaction................................12
Friedel-crafts alkylation reaction.................................................................................................12
Sulfonation reaction....................................................................................................................13
Chlorination reaction...................................................................................................................14
Hydrogenation reaction...............................................................................................................15
Analyse the effects of different Mon substituents on the benzene ring to predict further substitution
positions of a reaction species on the benzene ring. (D2)...................................................................16
The effects of different monosubstitutets on the benzene ring......................................................16
References:..........................................................................................................................................22
1
, 29/11/2022
Explain the structure of benzene using sigma and pi
bonding, proving evidence for the structure (P2)
History of benzene
Benzene with a formula of C6H6, is a colourless liquid that was first discovered in
1845 by Michael Faraday. Benzene is classified as an aromatic compound firstly
because of its multiple aroma or odour but later benzene was classified because
of its structure and the chemical reactivity.
Benzene is composed of H atoms and C atoms (1s 22s2 2px22py1). And each carbon
is combined with three other atoms, therefore one of the 2s2 pairs will be
promoted into the vacant 2pz.
An electron is thus encouraged as a result. The electron can be easily promoted
from the occupied 2s orbital to the empty 2p orbital to produce 4 unpaired
electrons due to the tiny energy difference between the two orbitals.
Because of only three boding, the carbon only hybridise three of the orbitals
rather than all four.
2
