Mod 5 68W Exam 2023

One of the main tenants of trauma care - Answer- ...maintain or restore perfusion Perfusion - Answer- the supply of oxygen to and removal of of wastes from the body's cells and tissues as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. Hypoperfusion - Answer- the body's inability to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. Shock PVC - Answer- Pump, Volume, Container Arteries - Answer- Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Capillaries - Answer- Oxygen rich blood is emptied from the arteries into microscopically small _____, which supply every cell in the body. Veins - Answer- Capillaries empty into veins, which carry blood back to the heart. Contain one-way valves that prevent the blood from flowing the wrong direction. Hemorrhage - Answer- Bleeding, especially severe bleeding Arterial bleeding - Answer- Bleeding from an artery, which is characterized by bright red blood that is rapid, profuse, and difficult to control. Spurting, pulsating flow. Venous bleeding - Answer- Bleeding from a vein, which is dark red or maroon. Steady, easy to control flow. Junctional Hemorrhage - Answer- occurs where appendages of the body connect to the trunk. Neck, both armpits, and both sides of the groin are sites where massive bleeding is likely. Capillary Bleeding - Answer- Characterized by slow, oozing flow of blood. Typically ceases without intervention. Sometimes occurs over large areas making infection a high risk. Atrial Fibrillation - Answer- Irregular heartbeat Exsanguination - Answer- is the process of blood loss, to a degree sufficient to cause death. One does not have to lose all of one's blood to cause death. External Bleeding - Answer- 1. Direct Pressure 2. Elevation of a limb 3. Hemostatic Agent 4. Tourniquet Direct Pressure - Answer- Can be done with gloved hand, a dressing, or by pressure dressing and bandage. Pressure Dressing - Answer- a bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped bandage, which applies pressure to help control bleeding. Hemostatic Agents - Answer- Substances applied as powders, dressings, gauze, or bandages to open wounds to stop bleeding. Tourniquet - Answer- a device used for bleeding control that constricts all blood flow to and from extremity. Applied 2 inches above the bleeding wound. ICP - Answer- Internal Cranial Pressure CSF - Answer- Cerebral Spinal Fluid Epistaxis - Answer- Nose bleed Mechanisms of Blunt Trauma - Answer- Falls, motor-vehicle crashes, auto-pedestrian crashes, blast injuries. Mechanisms of Penetrating Trauma - Answer- Gunshot wounds, stab wounds (knife, ice pick, screwdriver), impaled objects Circulatory System - Answer- Heart, blood vessels, blood Compensated Shock - Answer- When the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion. Decompensated Shock - Answer- when the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion. Late signs such as decreasing blood pressure become evident. (Shock) Hypovolemic Shock - Answer- shock resulting from blood or fluid loss. Hemorrhagic shock - Answer- Shock resulting from blood loss. Cardiogenic shock - Answer- shock, or lack of perfusion, brought on not by blood loss but by the heart's inadequate pumping action. It is often the result of a heart attack (Myocardial Infarction) or congestive heart failure. Neurogenic shock - Answer- hypoperfusion due to nerve paralysis (sometimes caused by spinal cord injuries) resulting in the dilation of blood vessels that increase the volume of the circulatory system beyond the point where it can be filled. Septic Shock - Answer- When an infection spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream, sepsis is present. Toxins produced by this condition can lead to dilation of the blood vessels and loss of integrity ("leakiness") of the blood vessels. Signs of Sepsis - Answer- Temp high OR low, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension Platinum 10 minutes - Answer- goal for on-scene time when caring for a trauma or shock patient. Acidosis - Answer- a condition that occurs when cells receive insufficient oxygen and generate acidic waste products that accumulate in the blood. coagulopathy - Answer- impaired ability to clot Functions of Skin - Answer- Protection, water balance, temperature regulation, excretion, shock (impact) absorption Epidermis - Answer- the outer layer of skin Dermis - Answer- the inner (second) layer of the skin found beneath the epidermis. It is rich in blood vessels and nerves. Subcutaneous Layers - Answer- The layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis Closed Wound - Answer- an internal injury with no open pathway from the outside Contusion - Answer- a bruise Hematomas - Answer- a swelling caused by the collection of blood under the skin or in damaged tissues as a result of an injured or broken blood vessel Crush Injury - Answer- an injury caused when force is transmitted from the body's exterior to its internal structures. Bones can be broken; muscles, nerves, and tissues damaged; and internal organs ruptured, causing internal bleeding. Open Wound - Answer- an injury in which the skin is interrupted, exposing the tissue beneath, Abrasion - Answer- a scratch or scrape Lacerations - Answer- a cut Puncture Wound - Answer- an open wound that tears through the skin and destroys underlying tissues. A penetrating puncture wound can be shallow or deep. A perforating puncture wound has both an entrance and an exit Avulsion - Answer- the tearing away or tearing off of a piece of flap of skin or other soft tissue. This term also may be used for an eye pulled from its socket or a tooth dislodged from its socket. Amputation - Answer- the surgical removal or traumatic severing of a body part, usually an extremity. Blast Injury - Answer- a) pressure wave/primary injury; b) blast wave/secondary injury; c) patient displacement/tertiary injury; d) patient exposed to hazardous material or structural collapse/quaternary injury Stab Wounds - Answer- ALL should be considered serious Sympathetic (eyes) - Answer- both eyes move together Burn Assessments - Answer- By agent and source, by depth, by severity (body surface area, rule of 9s) Superficial Burn - Answer- Involves only the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. It is characterized by reddening of the skin and perhaps some swelling. A common example is a sunburn. Also called a first degree burn. Partial Thickness Burn - Answer- a burn in which the epidermis (first layer) is burned through an the dermis (second layer) is damaged. Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering, and a mottled appearance. Also called a second degree burn. Mottled - Answer- spotted Full Thickness Burn - Answer- a burn in which all the layers of the skin are damaged. There are usually areas that are charred black or areas that are dry and white. Also called a third degree burn. Rule of Palm - Answer- a method of estimating the extent of a burn. The palm and fingers of a patient's own hand, which equals about 1 percent of the body's surface area, is compared withe the patient's burn to estimate it's size. Rule of Nines - Answer- a method for estimating the extent of a burn. For an adult, each of the following areas represents 9 percent of the body surface: the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, the back of each lower extremity. The remaining 1 percent is assigned to the genital region. For an infant or child, the percentages are modified so 18 percent is assigned to the head, 15 percent to each lower extremity. circumferential - Answer- pertaining to a circumference; encircling; peripheral. Dressing - Answer- any material (preferably sterile) used to cover a wound that will help control bleeding and prevent additional contamination Bandage - Answer- any material used to hold a dressing in place Universal Dressing - Answer- a bulky dressing (profuse bleeding, large wounds, stabilizing impaled objects) Pressure Dressing - Answer- a dressing applied tightly to control bleeding Occlusive Dressing - Answer- any dressing that forms an airtight seal Flail Chest - Answer- fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment paradoxical motion - Answer- movement of ribs in a flail segment that is opposite to the direction of movement of the rest of the chest cavity. Sucking chest wound - Answer- an open wound in which air is "sucked" into the chest cavity. Burping the wound - Answer- cleaning out an open chest wound and occlusive dressing, relieving tension pneumothorax pneumothorax - Answer- air in the chest cavity tension pneumothorax - Answer- a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest cavity is prevented from escaping. Hemothorax - Answer- blood fills chest cavity (usually present with signs of shock) hemopneumothorax - Answer- blood and air fill chest caivty Traumatic Asphyxia - Answer- Sudden compression of the lungs - blood being forced into the head and neck. Cardiac Tamponade - Answer- Injury to heart causes blood to flow into the surrounding pericardial sac. pericardial - Answer- pertaining to the area around the heart. Becks Triad - Answer- Increase in Jugular Vein Distention, Muffled heart sounds, equalizing of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Signs of cardiac tamponade Commotio Cordis - Answer- disturbance of the heart - when someone gets hit in the chest resulting in ventricular fibrillation. Do NOT treat as trauma, begin CPR and defibrillation. Evisceration - Answer- an intestine or other internal organ protruding through a wound in the abdomen. Insides come out. Peritonitis - Answer- is an inflammation of the membrane which lines the inside of the abdomen and all of the internal organs. This membrane is called the peritoneum. Aortic Injury and dissection - Answer- damage to the aorta causes massive, often fatal bleeding. Extremities - Answer- the portions of the skeleton that include the clavicles, scapulae, arms, wrists, and hands (upper extremities) and the pelvis, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet (lower extremities) Bones - Answer- hard but flexible living structures that provide support for the body and protection to vital organs. Long, short, or flat Joints - Answer- places where bones articulate, or meet Periosteum - Answer- what cover bones. Strong, white, fibrous material. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this membrane as they enter and leave the bone. Muscles - Answer- tissues or fibers that cause movement of body parts and organs cartilage - Answer- tough tissues that covers the joint ends of bones and helps to form certain body parts such as the ear tendons - Answer- tissues that connect muscle to bone. muscle-tendon-bone MTB ligaments - Answer- tissues that connect bone to bone. bone-ligament-bone BLB MTB - Answer- Muscle-tendon-bone BLB - Answer- bone-ligament-bone Direct force - Answer- ie. a person being struck by an auto Twisting or rotation force - Answer- can cause tearing or stretching of muscles and ligaments, as well as broken bones