DELTA MODULE 1 (COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE)
Test-Teach-Test ✔️A lesson design in which learners first perform a
task, which the teacher uses to assess learners' specific needs. They are then
taught whatever they need in order to re-do the task more effectively.
modality ✔️The lexical and grammatical ways used by speakers to
express their attitude to what they're saying. For example: Maybe Sarah is a
chef. (lexical _______: adverb)
cohesion ✔️The use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve
connected text, either spoken or written.
induction ✔️The process of working out rules on the basis of examples.
Also called discovery learning.
priming ✔️The process by which a word gathers particular associations
through repeated encounters.
process writing ✔️An approach to writing where learners are
encouraged to brainstorm, plan, draft, re-draft, review, and "publish" their
written work.
word family ✔️A group of words which share the same root but have
different affixes, as in care, careful, careless, carefree, uncaring, carer.
sentence ✔️The largest purely grammatical unit in a language.
silent period ✔️This refers to the fact that children learning their first
language go through a lengthy period simply listening before they say their
first words.
uptake ✔️What learners report to have learnt from a language lesson.
Typically this does not match what the teacher intended to teach.
,notional syllabus ✔️A syllabus that is organised according to general
areas of meaning that are used in most grammars, such as frequency, location,
duration and possibility.
deixis ✔️The way language points to spatial, temporal and personal
features of the context. For example, I have been here three weeks now, the
referents of I, here and now cannot be identified without knowing the context.
phatic language ✔️Language whose purpose is to smooth the conduct of
social relations. It has an interpersonal function.
phoneme ✔️One of the distinctive sounds of a particular language. It
cannot be replaced with another sound without causing a change in meaning.
phonology ✔️The study of a sound system of a particular language,
which describes the abstract system that allows the speakers of a language to
distinguish meaning from mere verbal noise.
polysemy ✔️This refers to the case where one word has more than one
related meaning.
prosodic features ✔️The stress, rhythm, and intonation along with
tempo, loudness and voice quality of speech.
ellipsis ✔️The leaving out of elements of a sentence because they are
either unnecessary or because their sense can be worked out from the
immediate context.
display questions ✔️Asked by teachers in order to find out what a
learner can say in the target language.
face validity ✔️Used to say that a test is acceptable to a learner, in that it
meets the learner's expectations of what a test should be like.
TALO ✔️Text as a Linguistic Object
TAVI ✔️Text as a Vehicle for Information
TASP ✔️Text as a Stimulus for Production
,Dictogloss ✔️A classroom dictation activity where learners are required
to reconstruct a short text by listening and noting down key words, which are
then used as a base for reconstruction.
Diagnostic test ✔️A test that helps the teacher and learners identify
problems that they have with the language.
Diglossia ✔️A situation where a language that has two forms, one a
'higher' and more prestigious form used by educated speakers in formal
situations, and the other a 'lower', vernacular form used more commonly.
Dipthong ✔️A one-syllable sound that is made up of two vowels. In
Received Pronunciation English there are eight of these.
Discourse management ✔️The ability to produce extended written and
spoken texts, for example conversations.
Achievement test ✔️This test evaluates a learner's understanding of a
specific course or study programme.
Action research ✔️A development tool for a teacher that involves
observing or gathering other data about a class through interviews, case
studies, and questionnaires.
Non-gradable adjectives ✔️Adjectives that cannot be expressed in
degrees and so cannot be graded.
Backwash ✔️The positive or negative impact of a test on classroom
teaching.
Substitution ✔️The replacing of a noun phrase or a clause by a single
word in order to avoid repetition or to make a text more cohesive.
Universal Grammar ✔️The theory which claims that every speaker of a
language knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set
of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within set
limits.
, Connotation ✔️The attitudinal meaning of a word, which may be
culturally determined, such as whether it carries a positive or negative
meaning.
Nuclear stress ✔️The place in an utterance where the major pitch
movement begins, marking the focal point of the message.
Fossilisation ✔️A process through which an error has become a
permanent feature of a learner's language use and is believed to be resistant
to correction.
Adjacency pair ✔️A sequence of two related utterances by two different
speakers. The first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response.
Anaphoric reference ✔️A word or phrase that refers back to another
word or phrase which was used earlier in a written or spoken text.
Collocation ✔️Two or more words that co-occur in a language more
often that would be expected by chance.
Order of acquisition ✔️The order in which grammar/language items are
thought to be acquired.
Structural syllabus ✔️A syllabus which is based around a series of
grammatical structures, which are sequenced according to assumed level of
complexity.
cognitive deficit ✔️The limitations on processing information in a
second language compared to in L1.
Tautology ✔️When two synonyms are placed consecutively or very
close together for effect. eg. the reason why
Metalanguage ✔️The language used to describe, analyse or explain
another language including, for example, grammatical terms and rules of
syntax.
Realia ✔️Real objects used as teaching aids to make learning more
natural. Includes items such as tickets, pictures, clothes, etc.
Test-Teach-Test ✔️A lesson design in which learners first perform a
task, which the teacher uses to assess learners' specific needs. They are then
taught whatever they need in order to re-do the task more effectively.
modality ✔️The lexical and grammatical ways used by speakers to
express their attitude to what they're saying. For example: Maybe Sarah is a
chef. (lexical _______: adverb)
cohesion ✔️The use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve
connected text, either spoken or written.
induction ✔️The process of working out rules on the basis of examples.
Also called discovery learning.
priming ✔️The process by which a word gathers particular associations
through repeated encounters.
process writing ✔️An approach to writing where learners are
encouraged to brainstorm, plan, draft, re-draft, review, and "publish" their
written work.
word family ✔️A group of words which share the same root but have
different affixes, as in care, careful, careless, carefree, uncaring, carer.
sentence ✔️The largest purely grammatical unit in a language.
silent period ✔️This refers to the fact that children learning their first
language go through a lengthy period simply listening before they say their
first words.
uptake ✔️What learners report to have learnt from a language lesson.
Typically this does not match what the teacher intended to teach.
,notional syllabus ✔️A syllabus that is organised according to general
areas of meaning that are used in most grammars, such as frequency, location,
duration and possibility.
deixis ✔️The way language points to spatial, temporal and personal
features of the context. For example, I have been here three weeks now, the
referents of I, here and now cannot be identified without knowing the context.
phatic language ✔️Language whose purpose is to smooth the conduct of
social relations. It has an interpersonal function.
phoneme ✔️One of the distinctive sounds of a particular language. It
cannot be replaced with another sound without causing a change in meaning.
phonology ✔️The study of a sound system of a particular language,
which describes the abstract system that allows the speakers of a language to
distinguish meaning from mere verbal noise.
polysemy ✔️This refers to the case where one word has more than one
related meaning.
prosodic features ✔️The stress, rhythm, and intonation along with
tempo, loudness and voice quality of speech.
ellipsis ✔️The leaving out of elements of a sentence because they are
either unnecessary or because their sense can be worked out from the
immediate context.
display questions ✔️Asked by teachers in order to find out what a
learner can say in the target language.
face validity ✔️Used to say that a test is acceptable to a learner, in that it
meets the learner's expectations of what a test should be like.
TALO ✔️Text as a Linguistic Object
TAVI ✔️Text as a Vehicle for Information
TASP ✔️Text as a Stimulus for Production
,Dictogloss ✔️A classroom dictation activity where learners are required
to reconstruct a short text by listening and noting down key words, which are
then used as a base for reconstruction.
Diagnostic test ✔️A test that helps the teacher and learners identify
problems that they have with the language.
Diglossia ✔️A situation where a language that has two forms, one a
'higher' and more prestigious form used by educated speakers in formal
situations, and the other a 'lower', vernacular form used more commonly.
Dipthong ✔️A one-syllable sound that is made up of two vowels. In
Received Pronunciation English there are eight of these.
Discourse management ✔️The ability to produce extended written and
spoken texts, for example conversations.
Achievement test ✔️This test evaluates a learner's understanding of a
specific course or study programme.
Action research ✔️A development tool for a teacher that involves
observing or gathering other data about a class through interviews, case
studies, and questionnaires.
Non-gradable adjectives ✔️Adjectives that cannot be expressed in
degrees and so cannot be graded.
Backwash ✔️The positive or negative impact of a test on classroom
teaching.
Substitution ✔️The replacing of a noun phrase or a clause by a single
word in order to avoid repetition or to make a text more cohesive.
Universal Grammar ✔️The theory which claims that every speaker of a
language knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set
of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within set
limits.
, Connotation ✔️The attitudinal meaning of a word, which may be
culturally determined, such as whether it carries a positive or negative
meaning.
Nuclear stress ✔️The place in an utterance where the major pitch
movement begins, marking the focal point of the message.
Fossilisation ✔️A process through which an error has become a
permanent feature of a learner's language use and is believed to be resistant
to correction.
Adjacency pair ✔️A sequence of two related utterances by two different
speakers. The first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response.
Anaphoric reference ✔️A word or phrase that refers back to another
word or phrase which was used earlier in a written or spoken text.
Collocation ✔️Two or more words that co-occur in a language more
often that would be expected by chance.
Order of acquisition ✔️The order in which grammar/language items are
thought to be acquired.
Structural syllabus ✔️A syllabus which is based around a series of
grammatical structures, which are sequenced according to assumed level of
complexity.
cognitive deficit ✔️The limitations on processing information in a
second language compared to in L1.
Tautology ✔️When two synonyms are placed consecutively or very
close together for effect. eg. the reason why
Metalanguage ✔️The language used to describe, analyse or explain
another language including, for example, grammatical terms and rules of
syntax.
Realia ✔️Real objects used as teaching aids to make learning more
natural. Includes items such as tickets, pictures, clothes, etc.
