KAAP428 Motor Control Final Exam 2023

3 elements of skill - Answer- perception, cognition, action open skill - Answer- environment is variable and unpredictable closed skill - Answer- environment is stable and predictable discrete skill - Answer- has an easily defined beginning and end continuous skill - Answer- no particular beginning or end serial skill - Answer- group of discrete skills strung together intertrial variability - Answer- performance environment stays closed but variables change - ie. STS with different chairs no intertrial variability - Answer- performance envrionment remains closed and fixed manipulation - Answer- 2 tasks are being performed simultaneously - using legs and arms no manipulation - Answer- just one task, no use of extremities body stability - Answer- desired outcome is to keep line of gravity within base body transport - Answer- desired outcome is to move body from one location to another executive function - Answer- decision making and memory information processing - Answer- input -- Human -- Output Reaction Time - Answer- time from beginning of stimulus presentation to beginning of movement response - does not include movement Movement Time - Answer- from end of reaction time to end of movement response time - Answer- reaction time + Movement Time factors that influence decision making - Answer- number of SR alternatives, Fitts Law, Simple RT, SR compatability Number of Stimulus Response Alternatives - Answer- as the number of SR alternatives increases, so does RT Fitts' Law - Answer- size and distance between target areas affects time speed accuracy trade off Simple Reaction time - Answer- 1 stimulus, 1 response choice reaction time - Answer- multiple stimuli & Responses Stimulus Response Compatibility - Answer- defines how stimuli and responses are connected in a natural way Population Stereotypes - Answer- act habitually depending on where we are located - ie. light switches in different parts of the world effect of increased SR compatibility on Choice RT - Answer- reduces!! - highly practiced performers overcome disadvantage of low SR compatibility Short Term Sensory Store - Answer- very short period of time, vast amounts of sensory information that lasts only long enough for some to be abstracted further processed -- "holding cell" for sensory information Short Term Memory - Answer- "working memory" - info requires rehearsal to keep from losing from STM (phone #) - temporary holding place , longer than STSS Long Term Memory - Answer- very well learned information collected over lifetime, limitless capacity, effortful storage 3 Stages of information processing - Answer- stimulus identification, response selection, movement programming stimulus identification - Answer- identifying stimulus response selection - Answer- choosing response to stimulus movement programming - Answer- organizing motor systems to make desired movements Hicks Law - Answer- increased # of response choices increases RT due to increased uncertainty - constant increase every time choice # is doubled Anticipation - Answer- predicting the required action to decrease RT spatial anticipation - Answer- event anticipation - what will occur temporal anticipation - Answer- when the stimulus will occur detriments of anticipation - Answer- if a performer anticipates the wrong event, it takes you farther from the intended result and is very time consuming what does attention influence - Answer- stimulus identification attentional capacity - Answer- the max that a person can focus on - limited capacity to process information conscious, effortful, selective, limited interference - Answer- performance of one skill impedes performance of another due to limited attentional capacity Parallel processing - Answer- processing more than one stream of information at a time without interfering (ie. different aspects of visual display like color and shape) Stroop test - Answer- words are colored counterintuitively - originally thought to be processed in parallel serial processing - Answer- attending to one set of information at a time inattention blindness - Answer- intentional processing inhibits critical sensory information - when you are driving looking for cars and don't notice bikes) sustained attention - Answer- concentrating on a single target gets more difficult over time automatic processing - Answer- fast, non attention demanding, parallel, involuntary, no interference - enormous practice, most effective in closed skill controlled processing - Answer- slow, attention demanding, serial, voluntary, conscious , interference automaticity - Answer- automatic processing thought to be a result of enormous amounts of practice drawbacks of automaticity - Answer- can lead to terrible errors when environment is unpredictable double stimulation paradigm - Answer- subject is required to respond, with separate responses, to 2 stimuli together - delays in responding occur because interference arises in programming both movements as quickly as possible psychological refractory period - Answer- delay in responding to 2nd stimulus, must first generate response to 1st stimulus then process and respond to second Probe Task Technique - Answer- subject performs a task; at some strategic point, the researcher would test attention by introducing a secondary task (usually discrete stimulus); the additional task would be to respond as quickly as possible to the second task, and the attentional demand for the first can be measured by length of RT Focus of attention in Novice - Answer- internal focus improves performance focus of attention in expert - Answer- internal focus impedes performance arousal - Answer- level of excitement under stress inverted U - Answer- increased arousal increases performance to a certain point, but then decreases with too much arousal beneficial level of arousal for complex tasks - Answer- low arousal is beneficial for complex tasks beneficial level of arousal for simple tasks - Answer- high arousal is beneficial for simple tasks hypervigilance - Answer- normal modes of information processing cease with heightened states of panic; highest stage of arousal causing you to freeze automotive panic - Answer- when you accidentally press the gas pedal instead of the brake and panic when you don't stop so you press harder perceptual narrowing - Answer- perceptual field shrinks under stress causing "tunnel vision" - change in processing that occurs at high arousal Proprioception - Answer- information from inside the body & the body itself; inherent feedback sources of proprioception - Answer- golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, cutaneous receptors, joint receptors, vestibular apparatus Exteroception - Answer- information from outside the body & environment; inherent feedback sources of exteroception - Answer- vision and audition processing sensory information in closed loop control - Answer- 1. desired goal for system 2. sensory information compares conditions to expected state 3. comparator analyzes any differences between the actual state and the desired state - these errors feedback to the executive which decides which action to take 4. effector carries out action that minimizes error and brings it closer to goal 5. system keeps actual state near goal Loop from executive to effector and back to executive - Answer- closed by sensory information or feedback forming a loop that supports mechanism in regular system to achieve goal major parts of closed loop systems - Answer- executive, effector, reference for correctness, error signal executive - Answer- decision making about errors, consists of stimulus identification, response selection, movement programming effector - Answer- carries out decisions