NURSING DL-F Quiz 5 2023/2024 (Questions with Correct Answers Latest Graded 100%)

NURSING DL-F Quiz 5 2023/2024 (Questions with Correct Answers Latest Graded 100%) Why would researchers adopt permuted block randomization? Selected Answer: D. To achieve a balanced distribution to groups Answers: A. To randomize prior to obtaining informed consent B. To take participants’ preferences into account C. To randomize separately for distinct subgroups D. To achieve a balanced distribution to groups Response Feedback: Permuted block randomization involves the allocation of participants in small blocks (e.g., a block of 8) to ensure a balanced distribution of people to treatment groups within blocks. Randomization before obtaining consent is called randomized consent. Taking strong participant preferences into account in group assignments can be accomplished through partial randomization. Distinct subgroups (e.g., men and women) are randomized separately in stratified randomization.  Question 5 10 out of 10 points What is a central feature of nonexperimental (observational) research? Selected Answer: B. The researcher does not manipulate the independent variable. Answers: A. The researcher does not manipulate the dependent variable. B. The researcher does not manipulate the independent variable. C. Their strength lies in their ability to elucidate cause-andeffect relationships. D. Data are collected through the observation of participants’ behaviors. Response Feedback: In nonexperimental (observational) research, the researchers do not intervene—that is, they do not manipulate the independent variable to test its effect on the dependent variable. Data for such studies may come from the observation of participants’ behaviors, but this is not always true and is not a central feature. Nonexperimental studies are relatively weak in terms of their ability to support causal inferences.  Question 6 10 out of 10 points Researchers hypothesized that stress was a risk factor for depression among college students. The correlation between stress and depression that they found in their cross-sectional study was consistent with the hypothesis. Which is a possible threat to the internal validity of this study? Selected Answer: C. Temporal ambiguity Answers: A. Maturation B. Mortality C. Temporal ambiguity D. Selection Response Feedback: In this cross-sectional study, it is impossible to tell if being stressed “caused” levels of depression or if being depressed “caused” stress levels—or if a third factor contributed to (or caused) both. Without knowing which came first (temporal ambiguity), alternative explanations are possible. Selection is not relevant in this study because there is only one group. There is no suggestion that mortality (attrition) was a problem, and maturation is not relevant in this example.  Question 7 10 out of 10 points In a crossover study, women with an overactive bladder were given either caffeinated beverages for a 2-week period or were told to drink noncaffeinated beverages exclusively for 2 weeks in randomized order of treatment. Regardless of treatment condition, the women in both groups reported less urgency of urinary voids than reported at baseline. Which effect might account for this? Selected Answer: A. Hawthorne effect Answers: A. Hawthorne effect B. Compensatory effect C. Instrumentation effect D. Testing effect Response Feedback: The women may have provided responses about their urinary voids that reflected, in part, their awareness of and sensitivity to participating in a study, which is known as the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect is one threat to construct validity, and compensatory effects are another. Instrumentation and testing effects are threats to internal validity, not to construct validity.