structure &function of the body edition 16 2023 with complete solution

Organ A structure made up of two or more kinds of tissue and is organized to perform a more complex function than just one type of tissue. system A group of organs that together performs a more complex function than does one organ. Integumentary system includes only one organ: the skin Integument include hair, nails and sweat - and oil producing glands. protect the skin. skeletal system Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints Ligaments Fibrous connective tissue help hold bones together. Joints Areas where two or more bones join together bones storage area of important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. muscle system individual skeletal muscles are the organs skeletal muscle muscles are made up of mostly Voluntary Muscle this tissue has the ability to contract when stimulated by conscious nerve regulation. Tendon Attaches muscle to bone Smooth Muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach and small intestine. Cardiac Muscle Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. involuntary muscle smooth and cardiac muscle tissue Nervous System brain, spinal cord and nerves are the organs central nervous system brain and spinal cord make up the ____ peripheral nervous system cranial and spinal nerves and all their branches, means around BOUNDRY nerve impulse function are performed by signals endocrine system the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. sometimes called ductless glands) pituitary gland, pineal gland, and hypothalamus recognize are located in the skull thyroid gland , and parathyroid gland are in the neck digestive system body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients respiratory system A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Alveoli tiny thin - walled air sacs in the lungs urinary system Eliminate body waste urine waste product produced by the kidneys Urethra urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body through reproductive system Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes) male reproductive testes female reproductive ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands male urethra carries semen and urine Kidneys Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste membrane refers to a thin, sheetlike structure, cover and protect the body surface Appendages of the skin Hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands epithelial tissue underlying layer of fibrous connective tissue connective tissue membrane no epithelial cells are present cutaneous membrane skin, primary organ dermal-epidermal junction Junction between the thin epidermal layer of the skin and the dermal layer providing support for the epidermis Skin glands sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, ceruminous glands eccrine sweat glands produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out through pores on skin surface. most important and widespread of the sweat glands. apocrine sweat glands found primarily in the skin in the axilla (armpit)larger than eccrine gland. thicker secretion Function of skin protection, prevents penetration, perception, temperature regulation, identification, communication, wound repair, absorption and excretion, production of vitamin D sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis skin cancer a harmful, malignant growth on the skin basal cell carcinoma Most common type of skin cancer,, less likely to metastasize burns rule of Nines head and neck 9% each upper ext 9% each lower ext 9% front trunk 18% back trunk 18% genitalia 1% Skin receptors Sensory organs for touch, pressure, pain, cold, and warmth Sqauamous cell carcinoma slow growing malignant tumor of the epidermis warning signs of melanoma ABCDE Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter, Evolution classification of burns superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness, full thickness first degree burn A mild burn characterized by heat, pain, and reddening of the burned surface but not exhibiting blistering or charring of tissues. second degree burn a burn involving the epidermis and the dermis; characterized by erythema, hyperesthesia, and vesications (blisters) third degree burn Severe burn characterized by destruction of the skin through the depth of the dermis and possibly into underlying tissues, loss of fluid, and sometimes shock. fourth degree burn burn in which full thickness of the skin and underlying muscle and bone is damaged Long bone examples humerus, arm bone short bones carpals and wrist bone flat bones frontal and skull bones irregular bones vertebrae or spinal bones Structure of Long Bone: Diaphysis shaft of a long bone Epiphysis End of a long bone Periosteum A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles. medullary cavity central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone, contains yellow bone marrow Hematopoiesis blood cell formation compact bone Hard and dense, but not solid, bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone. Trabecular spongy bone Osteons structural unit of compact bone, (Haversian) concentric lamellae rings of calcified matrix Osteoccytes mature bones cells that were formerly active bone- making osteoblast cells Lacunae small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes Canaliculi tiny passageways, or canals Diploe spongy bone in flat bones. cancellous bone layer Cartilage A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Chondrocytes cartilage cells osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity by bone forming, bone reabsorbing cells appendicular skeleton upper extremities, axial skeleton ...