Middenveldparticipatie en
gemeenschapsontwikkeling
Inhoud
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Kernconcept: Gemeenschap ...................................................................................................... 5
Soorten gemeenschap ........................................................................................................... 5
Kernelementen...................................................................................................................... 5
Hoe komen gemeenschappen tot stand? ................................................................................ 5
Kernconcept: Middenveld .......................................................................................................... 6
Wat is het maatschappelijk middenveld? ................................................................................ 6
De opdracht van het middenveld ............................................................................................ 8
Kernconcept: Participatie........................................................................................................... 8
Brillen om naar participatie te kijken ...................................................................................... 8
DEEL 1: TWEE LEIDENDE KADERS ................................................................................................... 9
Seven theories for community developers...................................................................................... 9
Nood aan theorie ...................................................................................................................... 9
Ron Hustedde ........................................................................................................................... 9
Zeven concepten ....................................................................................................................... 9
Community development at macro-level.......................................................................................12
Jack Rothman...........................................................................................................................12
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................12
Drie Basisstrategieën ............................................................................................................12
Planning en beleid ....................................................................................................................12
Rationalistic planning............................................................................................................13
Participatory planning...........................................................................................................13
Policy advocacy ....................................................................................................................14
Community capacity development ............................................................................................14
Capacity – Centered development .........................................................................................14
Planned Capacity Development .............................................................................................15
Identity Activism...................................................................................................................15
Social advocacy ........................................................................................................................16
Social action .........................................................................................................................16
Social reform........................................................................................................................16
Solidarity organizing .............................................................................................................17
1
, Conclusie .................................................................................................................................17
Deel 2: Gemeenschapsontwikkeling en de stad..............................................................................18
Housing als urban commons .........................................................................................................18
Stijging van alternatieve wooninitiatieven .................................................................................18
Waarom stijging?..................................................................................................................18
“Alternatief”? .......................................................................................................................18
Soorten alternatieve woonvormen ........................................................................................19
Commons ................................................................................................................................19
Huisvesting als commons commons .......................................................................................20
Commons en eigendom ............................................................................................................20
Eigendomsbundel .................................................................................................................20
Een heropleving van een oud principe ...................................................................................21
Huidige opvattingen over eigendommen ...............................................................................22
Andere opvattingen over eigendom.......................................................................................22
Wooncommons in België en Brussel ..........................................................................................24
De wooncoöperatieve...........................................................................................................24
Community land trust ...........................................................................................................26
Conclusie commons en huisvesting ...........................................................................................28
Sociaal schaduwwerk ...................................................................................................................28
Het middenveld binnen de maatschappelijke driehoek ...............................................................28
Hybridisering: een verschuivend krachtenveld ...........................................................................29
Sociaal schaduwwerk................................................................................................................29
Een veelheid aan diverse factoren .........................................................................................30
De plaats van sociaal schaduwwerk in het welzijnslandschap ......................................................30
Samenwerking formeel – informeel .......................................................................................30
Beleidsuitdagingen ...................................................................................................................31
Hyperdiversiteit ...........................................................................................................................31
Reizen door hyperdivers Brussel................................................................................................31
Creatief met schaarste..............................................................................................................31
Keuzes maken ......................................................................................................................32
De kracht van parades en vrolijke gekheid .................................................................................32
Weg met barrières................................................................................................................32
Als het verschil de norm is ........................................................................................................33
Verbinding ...........................................................................................................................33
Samenleven .............................................................................................................................33
Deel 3: concrete methodieken ......................................................................................................35
2
,Deep democracy ..........................................................................................................................35
Roltheorie................................................................................................................................35
Basismodel deep democracy.....................................................................................................35
Veiligheidsgevoel .....................................................................................................................35
Minderheidsstemmen en (zelf)groei .............................................................................................36
Machtsdynamieken......................................................................................................................36
Deep democracy tools ..............................................................................................................36
Sabotagelijn .........................................................................................................................36
Het DD-debat .......................................................................................................................37
Check-out ............................................................................................................................37
Moments of community ...............................................................................................................37
Agogiek ...................................................................................................................................37
Community ..............................................................................................................................37
Iets ......................................................................................................................................38
Verbinden één op één...........................................................................................................38
Verbinden als groepsgebeuren ..............................................................................................42
Proces .....................................................................................................................................43
Agoog ..................................................................................................................................43
Local Exchange Trading System (LETS)....................................................................................43
Zorgzame buurten .......................................................................................................................44
Achtergrond.............................................................................................................................44
Lokale uitdagingen verschillen...............................................................................................44
35 Zorgzame buurten in de kijker ..............................................................................................45
Definitie ...............................................................................................................................45
Methodologie.......................................................................................................................45
Wat doen de projecten? .......................................................................................................46
Hoe doen ze het? .................................................................................................................47
Uitdagingen..........................................................................................................................48
De laatste les: een blik terug en een blik vooruit ............................................................................50
Een blik terug: rode draden ..........................................................................................................50
Gemeenschapsontwikkeling......................................................................................................50
Enkele rode draden ..................................................................................................................50
Belang van publieke ruimte ...................................................................................................50
Tokenist participatie vs eigenaarschap en beslissingsmacht ....................................................50
Systeemverandering versus systeembevestiging.....................................................................51
Georganiseerde afbouw van de kracht van het middenveld ....................................................51
3
, Werken aan consensus vs consent.........................................................................................51
Belang van ontmoeten ..........................................................................................................52
Een blik vooruit............................................................................................................................52
Groepsopdracht .......................................................................................................................52
Take home examen ..................................................................................................................52
Voorbeeld examenvragen.............................................................................................................53
4
gemeenschapsontwikkeling
Inhoud
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Kernconcept: Gemeenschap ...................................................................................................... 5
Soorten gemeenschap ........................................................................................................... 5
Kernelementen...................................................................................................................... 5
Hoe komen gemeenschappen tot stand? ................................................................................ 5
Kernconcept: Middenveld .......................................................................................................... 6
Wat is het maatschappelijk middenveld? ................................................................................ 6
De opdracht van het middenveld ............................................................................................ 8
Kernconcept: Participatie........................................................................................................... 8
Brillen om naar participatie te kijken ...................................................................................... 8
DEEL 1: TWEE LEIDENDE KADERS ................................................................................................... 9
Seven theories for community developers...................................................................................... 9
Nood aan theorie ...................................................................................................................... 9
Ron Hustedde ........................................................................................................................... 9
Zeven concepten ....................................................................................................................... 9
Community development at macro-level.......................................................................................12
Jack Rothman...........................................................................................................................12
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................12
Drie Basisstrategieën ............................................................................................................12
Planning en beleid ....................................................................................................................12
Rationalistic planning............................................................................................................13
Participatory planning...........................................................................................................13
Policy advocacy ....................................................................................................................14
Community capacity development ............................................................................................14
Capacity – Centered development .........................................................................................14
Planned Capacity Development .............................................................................................15
Identity Activism...................................................................................................................15
Social advocacy ........................................................................................................................16
Social action .........................................................................................................................16
Social reform........................................................................................................................16
Solidarity organizing .............................................................................................................17
1
, Conclusie .................................................................................................................................17
Deel 2: Gemeenschapsontwikkeling en de stad..............................................................................18
Housing als urban commons .........................................................................................................18
Stijging van alternatieve wooninitiatieven .................................................................................18
Waarom stijging?..................................................................................................................18
“Alternatief”? .......................................................................................................................18
Soorten alternatieve woonvormen ........................................................................................19
Commons ................................................................................................................................19
Huisvesting als commons commons .......................................................................................20
Commons en eigendom ............................................................................................................20
Eigendomsbundel .................................................................................................................20
Een heropleving van een oud principe ...................................................................................21
Huidige opvattingen over eigendommen ...............................................................................22
Andere opvattingen over eigendom.......................................................................................22
Wooncommons in België en Brussel ..........................................................................................24
De wooncoöperatieve...........................................................................................................24
Community land trust ...........................................................................................................26
Conclusie commons en huisvesting ...........................................................................................28
Sociaal schaduwwerk ...................................................................................................................28
Het middenveld binnen de maatschappelijke driehoek ...............................................................28
Hybridisering: een verschuivend krachtenveld ...........................................................................29
Sociaal schaduwwerk................................................................................................................29
Een veelheid aan diverse factoren .........................................................................................30
De plaats van sociaal schaduwwerk in het welzijnslandschap ......................................................30
Samenwerking formeel – informeel .......................................................................................30
Beleidsuitdagingen ...................................................................................................................31
Hyperdiversiteit ...........................................................................................................................31
Reizen door hyperdivers Brussel................................................................................................31
Creatief met schaarste..............................................................................................................31
Keuzes maken ......................................................................................................................32
De kracht van parades en vrolijke gekheid .................................................................................32
Weg met barrières................................................................................................................32
Als het verschil de norm is ........................................................................................................33
Verbinding ...........................................................................................................................33
Samenleven .............................................................................................................................33
Deel 3: concrete methodieken ......................................................................................................35
2
,Deep democracy ..........................................................................................................................35
Roltheorie................................................................................................................................35
Basismodel deep democracy.....................................................................................................35
Veiligheidsgevoel .....................................................................................................................35
Minderheidsstemmen en (zelf)groei .............................................................................................36
Machtsdynamieken......................................................................................................................36
Deep democracy tools ..............................................................................................................36
Sabotagelijn .........................................................................................................................36
Het DD-debat .......................................................................................................................37
Check-out ............................................................................................................................37
Moments of community ...............................................................................................................37
Agogiek ...................................................................................................................................37
Community ..............................................................................................................................37
Iets ......................................................................................................................................38
Verbinden één op één...........................................................................................................38
Verbinden als groepsgebeuren ..............................................................................................42
Proces .....................................................................................................................................43
Agoog ..................................................................................................................................43
Local Exchange Trading System (LETS)....................................................................................43
Zorgzame buurten .......................................................................................................................44
Achtergrond.............................................................................................................................44
Lokale uitdagingen verschillen...............................................................................................44
35 Zorgzame buurten in de kijker ..............................................................................................45
Definitie ...............................................................................................................................45
Methodologie.......................................................................................................................45
Wat doen de projecten? .......................................................................................................46
Hoe doen ze het? .................................................................................................................47
Uitdagingen..........................................................................................................................48
De laatste les: een blik terug en een blik vooruit ............................................................................50
Een blik terug: rode draden ..........................................................................................................50
Gemeenschapsontwikkeling......................................................................................................50
Enkele rode draden ..................................................................................................................50
Belang van publieke ruimte ...................................................................................................50
Tokenist participatie vs eigenaarschap en beslissingsmacht ....................................................50
Systeemverandering versus systeembevestiging.....................................................................51
Georganiseerde afbouw van de kracht van het middenveld ....................................................51
3
, Werken aan consensus vs consent.........................................................................................51
Belang van ontmoeten ..........................................................................................................52
Een blik vooruit............................................................................................................................52
Groepsopdracht .......................................................................................................................52
Take home examen ..................................................................................................................52
Voorbeeld examenvragen.............................................................................................................53
4
