BIOL 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology Assignment 3-
With 100% verified solutions-2023-2024
1. Some patients who suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure) are prescribed
medications that are in the category of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors. Explain why these drugs are used to combat hypertension.
The enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II stimulates the suprarenal cortex to release aldosterone, which raises blood
volume and pressure. Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys, which leads
to osmotic reabsorption of water. As a result, the amount of water lost in the urine is
reduced. In addition, aldosterone encourages the kidneys to secrete more K+ and H+ into
the urine. Blood volume rises as a result of increased water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Blood pressure returns to normal when blood volume increases. Angiotensin II also
promotes smooth muscle contraction in arteriole walls. The resultant vasoconstriction of the
arterioles raises blood pressure, which aids in bringing it back to normal.
Any medication that inhibits ACE will have the opposite effect.
Tortora & Derrickson, 2017, pp. ??-??
2. Describe the fate of an RBC traveling from the heart to the left elbow and back to the
heart.
The blood leaving the left side of the heart will be oxygenated and pumped into systemic
circulation from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle
through the aortic valve to the ascending aorta, aortic arch into the left subclavian artery
through the left axillary artery to the left brachial artery. At the elbow, the blood will flow
into the arterioles and capillaries and then enter the venous system.
In the venous system, the blood in the capillaries will drain into the venules and the left
brachial vein, left median cubital vein, and left cephalic vein. From here it will travel into the
left axillary into the left sub clavian vein into the superior vena cava and into the right
atrium.
Tortora & Derrickson, 2017, pp. ??-??
3. Explain the steps that result in antibody production and describe the process that
results in an activated B-cell.
The steps that lead to the production of antibodies include:
1. The activation of B-Cells as a result of exposure to a foreign antigen.
2. The B-Cell goes through clonal selection, which means it develops a clone of plasmocytes
and memory cells that release antigen-specific antibodies.
, 3. The antibodies go to the invasion site.
4. The B-Cell is activated.
5. The B-Cell receptor (BCR) binds to an antigen.
With 100% verified solutions-2023-2024
1. Some patients who suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure) are prescribed
medications that are in the category of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors. Explain why these drugs are used to combat hypertension.
The enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II stimulates the suprarenal cortex to release aldosterone, which raises blood
volume and pressure. Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys, which leads
to osmotic reabsorption of water. As a result, the amount of water lost in the urine is
reduced. In addition, aldosterone encourages the kidneys to secrete more K+ and H+ into
the urine. Blood volume rises as a result of increased water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Blood pressure returns to normal when blood volume increases. Angiotensin II also
promotes smooth muscle contraction in arteriole walls. The resultant vasoconstriction of the
arterioles raises blood pressure, which aids in bringing it back to normal.
Any medication that inhibits ACE will have the opposite effect.
Tortora & Derrickson, 2017, pp. ??-??
2. Describe the fate of an RBC traveling from the heart to the left elbow and back to the
heart.
The blood leaving the left side of the heart will be oxygenated and pumped into systemic
circulation from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle
through the aortic valve to the ascending aorta, aortic arch into the left subclavian artery
through the left axillary artery to the left brachial artery. At the elbow, the blood will flow
into the arterioles and capillaries and then enter the venous system.
In the venous system, the blood in the capillaries will drain into the venules and the left
brachial vein, left median cubital vein, and left cephalic vein. From here it will travel into the
left axillary into the left sub clavian vein into the superior vena cava and into the right
atrium.
Tortora & Derrickson, 2017, pp. ??-??
3. Explain the steps that result in antibody production and describe the process that
results in an activated B-cell.
The steps that lead to the production of antibodies include:
1. The activation of B-Cells as a result of exposure to a foreign antigen.
2. The B-Cell goes through clonal selection, which means it develops a clone of plasmocytes
and memory cells that release antigen-specific antibodies.
, 3. The antibodies go to the invasion site.
4. The B-Cell is activated.
5. The B-Cell receptor (BCR) binds to an antigen.
