DAANCE 2023/2024 EXAM 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS (GRADED A+)

DAANCE 2023/2024 EXAM 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS (GRADED A+) Nervous system - ANSWER Provides overall control of body function 1. Central Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System 3. Autonomic Nervous System - ANSWER Three subdivisions of the Nervous System Neurons - ANSWER Cells of the nervous system that are responsible for conducting nerve impulses Local anesthetics prevent - ANSWER Depolarization, by slowing or stopping movement of the nerve impulse Synapse - ANSWER The junctions between two nerves Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANSWER Overall control center of the body and consists of brain and spinal cord Components of the brain - ANSWER Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain stem Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWER Nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS to the body; Sensory nerves + Motor nerves Two components to the PNS - ANSWER Cranial Nerves + Spinal Nerves Trigeminal Nerve - ANSWER fifth cranial nerve; supplies sensation to the teeth and jaws Meaning "Three pairs" - ANSWER Trigeminal Three divisions of Trigeminal - ANSWER Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - ANSWER Regulates the internal organs; Keeps body at homeostasis. Two subdivisions of ANS - ANSWER Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Sympathetic System - ANSWER More DYNAMIC and SPEEDS UP processes; important in maintaining blood pressure Parasympathic system - ANSWER Maintains RESTING STATE and SLOWS processes; "Couch Potato" state Controls blood vessel diameter; "Fight- or- Flight" - ANSWER Sympathetic system A. Alpha (a) - B. Beta (b) - 1. Beta 1 (b1) - 2. Beta 2 (b2) - - ANSWER A. Alpha (a)- Vasoconstriction (Arteries + Veins) B. Beta (b) - "Big Organs" 1. Beta 1 (b1) - " 1 Heart" (increased heart rate, conduction rate, and strength) 2. Beta 2 (b2) - " 2 Lungs" (Bronchodilation) Sensory Nerves - ANSWER Conduct messages back to the CNS from receptors REGARDING ENVIRONMENT (Touch + Pain) Motor Nerves - ANSWER Carry out a response formulated in the CNS TO A MUSCLE to initiate BODY MOVEMENT Barbiturates + Propofol DEPRESS vital centers resulting in - ANSWER Hypotension + Respiratory depression Ketamine STIMULATES vital centers resulting in - ANSWER Increased blood pressure + Pulse Anticholinergic Drugs - ANSWER Decreasing production of secretions (Atropine + Glycopyrrolate) Epinephrine with local anesthetics cause - ANSWER Vasoconstriction @ injection site; Control surgical bleeding Myocardium - ANSWER Muscle in the heart How many chambers does the heart have? - ANSWER 4 (2 atria, 2 ventricles) Atria - ANSWER The two UPPER chambers of the heart; RECEIVE blood Left Atrium - ANSWER Receives blood from lungs vis pulmonary vein; OXYGEN RICH Right Atrium - ANSWER Receives blood from peripheral circulation; OXYGEN POOR Ventricles - ANSWER Lower chambers of the heart; Receive blood from atria Right Ventricle - ANSWER Sends DEOXYGENATED blood to lungs Left Ventricle - ANSWER Sends OXYGENATED blood to the peripheral circulation; Thicker muscle - pumps with greater force Flow of blood through the heart - ANSWER Rt. Atrium - Rt. Ventricle - Pulmonary Artery (O2 POOR) LUNGS Lt. Atrium - Lt. Ventricle - Aorta (O2 RICH) As an artery gets further from the heart its DIAMETER becomes - ANSWER Smaller The RIGHT side of the heart receives: - ANSWER Deoxygenated blood The LEFT side of the heart receives: - ANSWER Oxygenated blood All vessels leading AWAY from the heart - ANSWER Arteries All vessels leading TOWARDS heart - ANSWER Veins Only artery that carries OXYGEN -DEPLETED blood - ANSWER Pulmonary Artery Oxygen rich blood is returned via - ANSWER Four pulmonary Veins If a heart valve is damaged and there is back flow - ANSWER Heart Murmur Death of an area of tissue because of interrupted blood flow - ANSWER Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Vasoconstriction - ANSWER DECREASE in diameter of artery Vasodilation - ANSWER INCREASE in diameter of artery Systolic phase - ANSWER Ventricular CONTRACTION Diastolic Phase - ANSWER ventricular RELAXATION Blood Pressure - ANSWER The pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels Bradycardia - ANSWER Any rate BELOW 60bpm Tachycardia - ANSWER Any rate GREATER than 100bpm Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) - ANSWER Pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) - ANSWER Electrical impulse through cardiac muscle fibers - Stimulates ventricles to CONTRACT Norepinephrine - ANSWER Chemical which INCREASES the heart rate and strength of contractions when SYMPATHETIC fibers are stimulated Acetylcholine - ANSWER Chemical which DECREASES the heart rate and force of contractions when PARASYMPATHETIC fibers are stimulated Rhythms that start from impulses from the SA Node - ANSWER Sinus Rhythm Hypoxia - ANSWER Lack of oxygen; Causes Dysrhythmias Elements of a normal sinus rhythm - ANSWER P Wave, QRS Complex, T wave P Wave - ANSWER Atrial DEPOLARIZATION QRS Complex - ANSWER Ventricular DEPOLARIZATION T Wave - ANSWER Ventricular REPOLARIZATION Depolarization - ANSWER Reversal of the state of electrical charge of the conducting fibers Repolarization - ANSWER A return of the initial state of electrical charge Rt. side large arteries of the head + neck - ANSWER Brachiocephalic Artery, Rt. Common Carotid Artery, Right Subclavian Artery into arm Best place to palpate for a pulse - ANSWER Rt. Or Lt. Common Carotid Artery The common carotid divides into - ANSWER Internal and External carotid arteries Veins drain head + neck - ANSWER Carrying DEOXYGENATED blood to the heart Utilized for venipuncture - ANSWER Blood vessels of the arm Artery of concern with venipuncture - ANSWER Brachial Artery Upper Airway - ANSWER Nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx Three regions of the Pharynx - ANSWER Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx Lower Airway - ANSWER Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli Arterial blood has MORE - ANSWER O2 than CO2 Veinous blood has LESS - ANSWER O2 than CO2 Hemoglobin - ANSWER Supplies body tissue with Oxygen Globin (Hemoglobin) - ANSWER Protein Hemes (Hemoglobin) - ANSWER Four nonprotein pigments Normal Arterial Saturation - ANSWER 95% Normal adult respiration rate - ANSWER 12-16 Endocrine system relies on - ANSWER Chemical messengers - Hormones Overall control of the Endocrine System is provided by - ANSWER Pituitary Gland + Centers in the Core of the Brain Three components of Endocrine System - ANSWER Islets of Langerhans, Adrenal glands, Thyroid Gland Islets of Langerhans - ANSWER Pancreas; Small islands of endocrine glandular cells Two Types of cells in Islets of Langerhans - ANSWER Alpha cells - Produce GLUCAGON Beta cells - Produce INSULIN HYPOglycemic - ANSWER LOW blood sugar HYPERglycemic - ANSWER HIGH blood sugar Type I Dibetes - ANSWER Insulin - Dependent Type II Diabets - ANSWER Non- Insulin dependent Adrenal Glands - ANSWER Release adrenaline Thyroid Gland - ANSWER Hormones that control the rate at which GLUCOSE is utilized for energy + body heat HYPOthyroidism - ANSWER UNDERACTIVE thyroid HYPERThyroidism - ANSWER OVERACTIVE thyroid IgA antibody - ANSWER Primary antibody presenting mucous membrane IgE Antibody - ANSWER Antibody more frequently associated with allergic reactions Largest gland in the body - ANSWER Liver The liver has two lobes - ANSWER Rt. - Large Lt. - Smaller Function of Liver - ANSWER Filter and detoxifies the blood; eliminates breakdown products of RBC; produces bile