PSY 101 Exam Answers for all Modules

) He studied modeling and social learning. Albert Bandura b) He studied children's cognitive development. Piaget c) He studied social and cultural influences on learning. Lev Vygotsky d) He coined the term, “operant conditioning.” Skinner e) He believed that it was important to study the large and small contexts in which people live. Urie Brofenbrenner 1. True or false? According to Freud, a child who becomes fixated on an erogenous zone will either over- or under-indulge this area as an adult. True 2. Freud would say that heavy smokers exhibit a/an Oral fixation, oral personality (Oral Stage) fixation. 3. True or false? Erikson viewed adolescence as a crucial period of development. True 4. True or false? Erikson emphasized the ego, while Freud emphasized the id. True 5. True or false? Erikson’s model illustrates a lifespan perspective of development. True 1. What are two critiques, discussed in the module, regarding Freud’s psychosexual stages? (4 points) Two critiques that were discussed in the module, regarding Freud's psycho-sexual stages come from experienced theorists and researchers. The first critique deals with the fact that Freud combined the adolescent and adulthood stages together in one large grouping. He did not seem very interested in other developmental stages (much like Erikson). Secondly, Freud is criticized for his clinical sample and biased research methods due to the fact that it questions other stage models. 2. For each of the following theorists, indicate whether each had a continuous or discontinuous view of development: (4 points) a) Skinner: Continous b) Erikson: Discontinuous c) Piaget:Discontinuous d) Freud: Discontinuous 3. According to Konrad Lorenz, what is imprinting? In his most famous research, which animals imprinted? (2 points) In the extremely informative YouTube video, the viewer can see Konrad Lorenz experimenting with geese. The experiment showed that Lorenz hatched two types of geese; one type with a mother goose, and the second in Lorenz's presence. The experiment revealed that imprinting (forming a bond) takes place within twelve to seventeen hours of hatching. Within those hours, the geese will then bond to their "mother". The geese that hatched in the presence of the mother goose, formed a motherly bond with her. The geese that hatched in the presence of Lorenz, formed a bond with him, making him that of a "mother goose". 1. Define “nature” and “nurture.” Then, read the following scenario and answer the questions. Janie is a trombone player in her school’s band. She has only been playing for one year, yet her teacher thinks that Janie is one of the most promising and talented young students that she has. Describe in detail reasons based on “nature” for Janie’s success. Then, describe in detail reasons based on “nurture” for her success. Be sure to give multiple reasons for each side, and discuss each in sufficient detail. Who knew the difference between nature and nurture could be very controversial? The main issue between the two aspects, is the fact that the two, nature and nurture, are thought to be at war, or against, one another. Nature is described as being genetic and biological. Genetics, personalities, and characteristics of a human will unfold throughout development and greatly influence who they are and what they will become. Nurture, on the other hand is learned and influenced by others such as friends, family, and those who surround a person. Janie can be described in both the nature and nurture sectors. Due to the fact that Janie is a magnificent trombone player, she may have received these skills genetically. Brains are formed from both the father and mother within the womb (prenatal). These right or left-sided brain traits are passed down from parents. Janie may have had the talent passed down through genetics/birth from her mother or father. She could also practice the trombone frequently when she is not in school (personality-"go-getter"). Clearly, Janie being an amazing trombone player correlates to her skills (hard working, knowledgeable (reading music), passionate, etc.) All aspects of nature are covered. We can also correlate nurturing to Janie's trombone playing as well. Now that we know nurture correlates with learning and influence, we may now create ideas as to how Janie learned to play the trombone. Janie may have family members or friends who play the same instrument. This may have interested her, so she began playing as well. Janie could have sparked an interest if she heard a beautiful classical music piece with a trombone section. She also could have just been walking by while the band was playing and pictured herself playing the trombone in the band. All nurturing aspects come from interactions and are not genetic or biological. In conclusion, Janie can be seen on both of the nature and nurture development sectors. Can you see why nature versus nurture is such a controversy within lifespan development research? MOD 2 This prenatal diagnostic test involves removing a sample of amniotic fluid. Amniocentesis Which prenatal diagnostic test cannot inform parents about chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in the baby? Ultrasound (sonogram