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Samenvatting Economie v/d Publieke Sector

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Samenvatting van alle stof voor het tentamen van Economie van de Publieke Sector.

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Uploaded on
May 11, 2023
Number of pages
20
Written in
2022/2023
Type
Summary

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Week 1
Functies Overheid
1) Bepaalde goederen kunnen nooit door marktwerking gemaakt worden -> overheid
- Collectieve goederen: je kunt er geen prijs voor vragen, dus niemand wil dat aanbieden
2) Economie goed laten lopen
3) Verdelingsfunctie inkomens

Efficiency <-> rechtvaardigheid

HOOFDSTUK 1
The Legal Framework
- Overheidsregering
- Federale grondwet
- Grondwet van de staat
- Lokale overheid
- Belasting innen en uitgeven
- Fiscale onafhankelijkheid

Organic view of government
- Society is a natural organism
- Every individual is part of it
- Government is its heart
- Er is geen individuele sfeer, alleen de samenleving als geheel

Mechanistic view of government
- Government is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their individual goals
- Individuals are the center, not the government

Size of the government
1) Purchases of goods and services
2) Transfers of income to people, businesses and other governments
3) Interest payments

HOOFDSTUK 2
Correlatie <-> causatie

Experimental study: individuals are randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups.

Pitfalls van experimentele onderzoeken
- Ethische vraagstukken
- Technische problemen
- Response bias
- Impact of limited duration of experiment
- Generalisatie van resultaten naar andere populaties, omgevingen en gerelateerde onderzoeken
- Black box aspect of experiments

Observational study: empirical study relying on observed data
- Sources of observational data
- Surveys
- Administrative records
- Governmental data

,Pitfalls of observational studies
- Data collected in non-experimental setting
- Specification issues

Data
- Cross-sectional data: information on entities at a given point in time
- Time-series data: information on an entity at different points in time
- Panel data: information on individual entities at different points in time

Quasi-experimentele studie (natural experiment): observational study relying on circumstances
outside researchers’s control to mimic random assignment.
- Difference-in-Difference quasi-experiments
- Compares changes over time in an outcome of treatment group to changes over the
same time period in the outcome of the control group
- Instrumental Variables quasi-experiments
- Finding some variable that effects entry into the treatment group, but in itself is not
correlated with the outcome variable
- Regression-Discontinuity quasi-experiments
- Relies on a strict cut-off criterion for eligibility of the intervention under study in
order to approximate an experimental design

Pitfalls of quasi-experimental studies
- Assignment to control and treatment groups may not be random
- Not applicable to all research questions
- Generalization of results to other settings and treatments

Substitutie-effect: loon stijgt -> meer werken
Inkomenseffect: loon stijgt -> minder werken

HOOFDSTUK 3
Welvaartseconomie: wensen van de maatschappij als geheel maximaliseren
- Kan de welvaart van 1 iemand toenemen zonder dat die van iemand anders afneemt

Is optimale welvaart wenselijk?
- Kan reden zijn voor overheidsingrijpen, ondanks dat de welvaart optimaal is

Edgeworth Box
- Verdeling van goederen over mensen

Indifferentiecurve laat wensen van iemand zien
- Hoe verder van de oorsprong, hoe meer de wensen vervuld worden
- Alle punten op dezelfde curve hebben dezelfde welvaart

Pareto-efficiënt = maximale welvaart
Pareto-verbetering: welvaart wordt beter

Er zijn meerdere optima in Edgeworth Box omdat je redeneert vanuit 2 personen
- Je kan van beide de hoogste indifferentiecurve opzoeken met een gegeven maximum -> als die niet
hetzelfde is zijn er dus meerdere optima -> welk optimum is wenselijk?

Contract curve: als je alle pareto-efficiënte punten aan elkaar verbindt
- Alle punten op deze lijn zijn sociaal optimaal (vanuit efficiency), maar de verdeling kan
onredelijk zijn.

, Hoeveel ben ik bereid om te ruilen van het een om meer te krijgen van het ander zonder dat het mij
welvaart kost?
= Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)
- Slope of indifference curve

MRS van Adam = MRS van Eva (Pareto-efficiënt)

Production Possibilities Curve
- Shows the maximum output that can be produced of product A given the output of product B

Hoeveel ben ik bereid minder te produceren van het een om meer te produceren van het ander?
= Marginal Rate of Transformation
- Slope of Production Possibilities Curve

Efficiency conditions
- MRT van Adam = MRS van Adam = MRS van Eva
- MC van product 1 van Adam/MC van product 2 van Adam = MRS van Adam = MRS van Eva

MRS = prijs product A / prijs product B
MC product A / MC product B = prijs product A / prijs product B

Bij niet optimale situatie: overheidsingrijpen

Utility Possibilities Curve
- Curve is optimal: connect al Pareto efficient points
- Naast de curve geeft 1 persoon meer welvaart en de ander minder
- On/below curve = attainable
- Above curve = not attainable

Marktfalen
- Marktmacht (monopolie)
- Het niet bestaan van een markt (collectieve goederen)
- Asymmetrische informatie (verzekeringen)
- Externe effecten

Overheidsingrijpen alleen als dat de uiteindelijke uitkomst verbetert

1) No one has market power
2) A market exists for each and every commodity
-> Leads, according to the First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics, to a Pareto efficient
allocation

Social Welfare function: W = F(U1, U2)

According to the Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics, no government intervention
is needed for Pareto efficiency
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