NSG6005 Advanced Pharmacology Quiz 1|2023 LATEST UPDATE|GUARANTEED SUCCESS

Role of NP State title protection. Board of nursing regulates practice. 5 states have joint oversight with medical board. Scope of practice is determined by NP license. 24 states are totally NPs are anonomous 20 states require physician collaboration 3 states have physician supervision Some states allow NPs to prescribe by protocol. Role of PA Title protection in all states. All have prescription authority 5 states limit PA formulary 15 states permit only schedule III to V drugs Practice oversight by MD Control of practice and licensing by medical board. Factors involved in using good clinical judgement Is a prescription the right treatment? Which drugs are effective for the disease? What are the goals of therapy? Cure or maintain? Monitor to see if drug meets goals Check for drug duplications-polypharmacy OTC vs. Rx What is the cost of the drug? Where did you get your information? Is it EBP? Pharmacotherapeutics Intregates pharmacology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics Pharmacokinectics How the body processes medications. What the body does with the drug Pharmacodynamics What the drug does to the body. The medication action at cellular level to elict a therapeutic effect. Two main branches of pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Toxicology Branch dealing with toxic effects Therapeutics The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy 4 major processes of pharmacokinetics Drug absorption into the bloodstream Drug distribution into the tissues to the site of action Drug metabolism via liver or intestinal enzymes Drug excretion via the kidneys in urine or intestine in feces Major processes of pharmacodynamics Effects on the body Receptor binding and effect Drug effects on body-pharmacodynamics Desired activity Undesirable effects Therapeutic window Duration of action Desired activity of a drug Cellular membrane disruption Chemical reaction with downstream effects Interaction with enzyme, structural, and carrier proteins Interaction with ion channels Ligand binding to receptors Receptors Hormone Neuromodulator Neurotransmitter Drug effects Stimulate action through direct receptor agonism and downstream effects Drug effects Depressing action through direct receptor agonism and downstream effects Drug effects Stabilizing action, the drug seems to act neither as a stimulant or a depressant Drug effects Exchanging or replacing substances or accumulating them to form a reserve Drug effects Direct beneficial chemical reaction as in free radical scavenging Drug effects Direct harmful chemical reaction which might result in damage or destruction of the cells, through induced toxic or lethal damage (cytotoxicity or irritation). Undesirable effects of drugs Increased probability of cell mutation (carcinogenic activity) A multitude of simultaneous assorted actions which may be deleterious Interaction (additive, multiplicative, or metabolic) Induced physiological damage or abnormal chronic conditions Therapeutic window The amount of medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects. Duration of action The length of time that particular drug is effective Receptor binding effect The binding of ligands (drug) to receptors is governed by the law of mass action which relates the large-scale status to the rate of numerous molecular processes. Ligand Drug Multicellular pharmacodynamics (MCPD) The study of the static and dynamic properties and relationships between a set of drugs and a dynamic and diverse multicellular four-dimensional organization.