CBC Practice A Focused Review: Level II exam 2023 with 100% correct answers

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) a disease that causes a fast rise in temp and severe muscle contractions when pts with MH recieves anesthesia. Electrolyte Ranges Sodium: 135-145 (HyperNa: FRIED: fever, flushed skin; restless, really agitated; increased fluid retention; edema, extremely confused; decreased urine output, dry mouth or skin. // HypoNA: SALT LOSS: seizures, stupor; abd cramping, attitude changes; lethargic; tendon reflexes decreased; loss of urine and appetite; orthostatic hypotension, overactive bs; shallow respiration; spasms of muscles.) Potassium: 3.5-5.0 (HyperK- wide QRS complex and peaked T waves, hyperactive BS. // HypoK- inverted or flat T waves, ST-segment depression, and U waves. hypoactive BS/constipation, orthostatic hypoTN) Calcium: 8.5-10.5 (S/S are opposite of levels. hypoCa=hyper active (+chvosteks and +trousseau.) // hyperCa=hypo active) Magnesium: 1.3-2.1 (similar to Ca. Hypermag causes: laxatives and antacid use) Chloride: 95-105 Phosphorus: 3.0-4.5 Hypocalcemia (8.5 - 10.0) <8.5 RF: antacid use, malabsorption syndromes, ESKD, thyriodectomy, inadequate intake. S/S: tetany, paresthesia fingers and lips, muscle twitching, seizure, muscle spasms, increased DTRs and BS, +chvosteks and +trousseaus. Acid Base Balance (respiratory) PaCO2 >45 = Respiratory Acidosis Cause: HYPOventilation, chest trauma, inadequate chest expansion, and alveolar-capillary block. -->abd ascites Tx: O2, patent airway, bronchodilators -->can display mental cloudiness or confusion due to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) retention, pale, cyanotic, and dry skin, hyporeflexia, and hypotension that can cause weak peripheral pulses. Hypotension is due to vasodilation from CO2 retention. PaCO2 <35 = Respiratory Alkalosis Cause: HYPERventilation, gram-negative bacteremia, high altitudes, shock, aspirin toxicity, and fear. S/S: numbness and tingling, or paresthesia, due to a decrease in calcium ionization. lightheadedness, tachycardia, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Tx: address anxiety, bag breathing