Neuroscience Exploring the Brain 4th edition Test Bank

gyri sulci/fissure cerebrum brainstem the spinal cord is part of the nervous system the brain is part of the nervous system the cranial nerves are part of the nervous system the central sulcus sepa- rates the and lobes the lateral sulcus arks the boundary between the convolutions depressions two hemispheres each containing the cerebral cortex and diencephalon mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata central central peripheral frontal, parietal frontal, temporal the convulsions on the sur- face of the brain are called a neuron may or may not contain myelin sheath (T or F) fibers connecting two re- gions within the same cerebral hemisphere are called microglial cells the pre central gyrus is lo- cated in the language abilities are dominant in the hemisphere for most indi- viduals label the lobes of the brain gyri true association devour damaged nuerons frontal lobe left central sulcus white matter commissural fibers projection fibers separates pre central gyrus and post central gyrus axonal bundles in the nervous system. myelin sheath bundles give it the white color interconnect correspond- ing regions of the two hemispheres (corpus cal- losum) convey impulses from re- mote regions to cerebral cortex and from the cere- bral cortex to remote re- gions (high area connects to low area) interconnect various corti- cal regions in the same association fibers gray matter cerebral cortex subcortical nuclei gray matter is the term meninges duramater arachnoid subarachnoid hemisphere (frontal lobe has to talk to the temporal lobe) group of nerve cell bodies dark regions or gray mat- ter at the surface of the brain basal ganglia, claustrum, amygdaloid nucleus is the term used for the col- lection of cell bodies in the central nervous system duramater, arachnoid, pia- mater. membranes cover- ing the brain and spinal cord toughest and strongest membrane. created under abnormal conditions mesh/web like appear- ance. piamater epidural ventricular system 4th ventricle CSF choroid plexus about ml of CSF is produced each day closely attached to the brain, thin, and delicate typically around the spinal cord unless an abnormal- ity is present such as bleeding then it is found on the brain communicates with sub- arachnoid space cerebralspinal fluid which circulates around sub- arachnoid in the ventricles and pro- duces CSF 500 cerebral aqueduct Brodmann's Classifica- tions 1,2,3 Brodmann's 4 41,42 connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle then connects to spinal cord 1,2,3 4 41,42 44, ,19 11,12,25 primary somatosensory cortex (sensations, propri- ocepiton) PRIMARY SEN- SORY (parietal lobe) primary motor cortex (mo- tor control) PRE-CEN- TRAL GYRUS (frontal lobe) primary auditory cortex (higher order analysis of acoustic stimuli) (temporal lobe) 44,, 19 11,12,25 pre central gyrus post central gyrus white matter has three pro- jection fibers Broca's area (speech and language expression) (in- ferior frontal lobe) Wernicke's area (recep- tive language/comprehen- sion) auditory language comprehension (temporal lobe) angular gyrus (READING) PTO cortex (integrates sensory information for recognition/identification) cognition, executive func- tions ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING (frontal lobe) before the central gyrus motor control after the central gyrus sensory aspect commissural, association, projection homunculus allocortex olfactory buld helps to interpret smell olfactory tract hippocampus indusium griseum map of the body struc- tures located on the pre central gyrus (motor strip). also known as the head quarters of final signal for movement old brain bulb shaped brain struc- ture that receives input from the olfactory receptor neurons. Mainly around the corpus callosum and part of the temporal lobe. olfactory bulb axonal bundle from the ol- factory bulb to primary ol- factory cortex in temporal lobe formation of memories. limbic structure limbic structure amygdala subcortex caudate nucleus lenticular nucleus basal ganglia diencephalon thalamus limbic structure. associat- ed with visceral and vege- tative functions. emotional response group of nuclei close to ventricles, locat- ed in the deep part of the cerebrum putamen and globus pal- lidus fine tuning of speech mo- tor movements collective name for thal- amus, epithalamus, sub- thalamas, and hypothala- mus important role in projec- tion to cortex and sensori- motor integration. importance of the thala- mus epithalamus subthalamus hypothalamus three main regions of the brainstem are the pons is immediately superior to the and immediately inferior to the the red nucleus is located in the region of the brainstem center of information from the brainstem then relays the information to the cor- tex regulation of circadian rhythms relay of sensory informa- tion coordination of autonomic nervous system with en- docrine pathway midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata medulla oblongata, mid- brain midbrain cerebral aqueduct pyramidal tract refers to the fibers orbicularis oris masseter zygomaticus major fornix hippocampus corpus callosum descending lip rounding chewing smiling Identify the structure. identify the structure identify the structure location of the brainstem speech language hearing lesion cerebellar peduncles three cerebellar pedun- cles pyramid of medulla oblon- gata Pyramid of medulla decus- sate inferior to cerebral hemi- spheres and anterior to cerebellum PNS and CNS CNS (brain) CNS and PNS abnormality seen on a brain imaging test bundles that connect brainstem to cerrebellum superior, inferior, middle corticospinal fivers that mediate motor impulses from the cortex to spinal motor neurons fibers cross over the mid- line. why the left brain con- trols right side of body motor commands come down from pre central gyrus at the level of and fibers from the left cross over to the and fibers from the right cross over to the Pyramid of medulla main function cranial nerve nuclei red nucleus superior colliculi inferior colliculi medulla, right, left carry motor information PNS mediate sensations of hearing, vision, smell, and touch helps fine tune move- ments (basal ganglia) visual center and inte- grates auditory visual in- formation auditory pathways (like a stopping station for infor- Reticular formation corticospinal tract (de- scending) corticobulbar tract (de- scending) major descending tracts in brainstem major ascending tracts in the brainstem brainstem nuclei that inte- grate the nervous system and are involved with cor- tical arousal and muscle preparedness primary motor cortex to anterior horn of spinal cord (trunk and limbs) primary motor cortex to brainstem motor nuclei (speech and swallowing) (head and neck) carry motor information corticospinal tract and cor- ticobulbar tract carry sensory information from spinal cord to brain- stem posterior funiculus and lat- eral spinothalamic the OLIVES Olive receives olive relays olive relays information scwhann cells oligodendrocytes prominence lateral to the pyramids of the medulla known as a relay station receives input from red nu- cleus relays information the the cerebellum relays information to the spinal cord myelin sheath formation in the PNS myelin sheath formation in the CNS