Examination Questions And Answers In Basic Anatomy And Physiology Martin Caon Testbank 2022 Update

Examination Questions and Answers inology 2400 Multiple Choice Questions SecondTABLE OF CONTENT 1 Organisation of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 11 34 3 Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 4 Chemistry for Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 Atoms and Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5 Integument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7 Skeleton and Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8 Muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 9 Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 10 Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 11 Renal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 12 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 279 295 309 323 336 349 xvxviContents 13Respiratory System ....................................................................................369 13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ..................................................................369 13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System .....................................393 14Nervous System ..........................................................................................405 14.1 Cells and Action Potential.................................................................405 14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy .......................................................420 14.3 Autonomic Nervous System, Neurotransmitters, and Reflexes ........440 14.4 Special Senses (Eye and Ear) ............................................................454 14.4.1 Eye ........................................................................................454 14.4.2 Ear .........................................................................................465 15Reproductive System .................................................................................475 16Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound (The Physics of) ..........................................................................................493 16.1 Waves................................................................................................493 16.2 Light Waves ......................................................................................498 16.3 Sound ................................................................................................502 16.4 Ultrasound .........................................................................................506 17Ionising Radiation ......................................................................................511 17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation ..................................................511 17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Safety .........................................................................519 18Electricity ....................................................................................................539 19Biomechanics ..............................................................................................551 20Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss..............................................567 21Essay Topics for a Written Assignment Assessment in Anatomy and Physiology .......................................................................585Chapter 1 Organisation of the Body 1. Which of the listed terms is described by: “All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body”? A. Metabolism B. Cellular respiration2 1 Organisation of the Body C. Homeostasis D. Physiology Answer is A: The quoted statement is a definition of metabolism. 2. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region? A. The stomach B. The spleen C. The liver D. The duodenum Answer is C: Hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly on the right side. 3. Which plane of the body divides it into dorsal and ventral regions? A. Transverse B. Axial C. Coronal D. Sagittal Answer is C: Dorsal and ventral = front and back – a coronal section so divides the body into these sections. 4. To which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation refer? A. Atoms, ions, molecules and electrolytes B. Mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum C. Nephron, alveolus, villus, lobule D. Muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial Answer is D: The listed structures are the four major tissue types. 5. The directional term “superior” in anatomy means which of the following? A. Cephalic B. Ventral C. Closer to the top of the head D. Closer to the skin surface Answer is C: Cephalic refers to the head region, while superior refers to being closer to the head than is the other anatomical structure in question. 6. Which of the following is the best definition of physiology? A. The microscopic study of tissues and cells B. The study of how the body works C. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body’s cells D. The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment Answer is B: Physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body functions.1 Organisation of the Body 3 7. The “anatomical position” could be described as which of the following? A. Lying down prone B. Lying down supine C. Standing displaying the ventral surface of the body D. Standing with arms and legs abducted Answer is C: This is the best answer. Standing is required, as is having the arms hanging parallel to the sides, with palms facing forward. 8. Which choice best describes the location of the majority of the musculoskeletal system? A. It is in the dorsal cavity B. It is in the ventral cavity C. It is in the abdominopelvic cavity D. It is not located in a body cavity Answer is D: The musculoskeletal system is located in the arms and legs, and sur- rounding, but outside of the abdominopelvic, the thoracic and the dorsal cavities. 9. Which of the following is/are the contents of the ventral cavity? A. Heart and lungs B. Brain and spinal cord C. Viscera D. Gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs Answer is C: This is the best answer. It is a collective term for all organs in the tho- racic and abdominopelvic cavities. 10. Which of the stated relationships is correct? A. The heart is inferior to the clavicle B. The shoulder is distal to the carpals C. The phalanges are proximal to the metacarpals D. The eye is medial to the eyebrows Answer is A: The heart is indeed below (inferior) to the clavicle. All other choices are wrong. 11. Which of the following is/are the contents of the dorsal body cavity? A. Heart and lungs B. Brain and spinal cord C. Viscera D. Gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs Answer is B: Dors