Pathphysiology final exam study guide

Myocardial infarction, diagnosis, clinical presentation, treatment R/L - Answer- death of the myocardium. -vomiting/nausea, chest pain unrelieved by rest, fatigue, weakness, sweating -tropin assay specificity for myocardial tissue, will increase within 3 hours of MI, and remain elevated for 7-10 days. Creatine kinase is an enzyme int he muscle cell and during myocardial tissue injury, it increases 4-8 hours, and decreases after 2-3 days. -left sided: ventricular fibrillation -Right sided: decrease CO -treatment: reprefuse heart, streopkinase and tissue plasminogen activator to dissolve fibrin, beta-blockers, oxygen, aspirin, antiplatelet/anticoagulant, nitrates, calcium channcel blockers, Atherosclerosis and types - Answer- hardening of the arteries, forming of fibrofatty leisons. -increased risk from smoking, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, C-reactive proteins increases inflammation, lipoprotein A binds to macrophages -types: fatty streaks, fibrous atheromatous plaques and complicated leisons leading to aneurysm, hemorrhage, occlusion, and thrombosis/embolism. Type II hypersensitivity antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction. - Answer- Leads to unwanted changes in cell function Type II hypersensitivity o complement- and antibody-mediated inflammation - Answer- § Can occur when antibodies are deposited in extracellular tissue components § Activated leukocytes release injurious substances that cause inflammation and tissue § Responsible for forms of glomerulonephritis and vascular rejection of organ grafts Necrosis - Answer- Necrosis is death of a tissue or organ that is still part of the living person What are the types of Necrosis and definition - Answer- Coagulative necrosis- sudden cut off of blood supply (ischemia)- common with heart and kidney Liquefactive necrosis, when a cell dies but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed- brain infarcts or abscesses Caseous necrosis- occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation and often associated with tuberculosis Gangrenous necrosis and types - Answer- when a large amount of tissue undergoes necrosis. Wet-moist, swollen, rapidly spread, liquefaction occurs, and there's a foul odor. Dry, slow spreading, tissue is dehydrated, it shrinks and becomes brown/black. What is pathophysiology? - Answer- Pathophysiology is the study of the body's change in function during a disease state. 5 etiologic factors and examples - Answer- 1. Physical forces- trauma, getting hit, temperature burn, electrical burns 2. Biological agent- viruses, bacterial infections 3. Genetic predisposition- inherited disease 4. Nutritional excess or deficiencies- lack of nutrients 5. Chemical agents- alcohol consumption, lead toxicity, mercury toxicity 2 types of risk factors - Answer- Congenital- present at birth Acquired- occurred after birth