TitUnit 2A
A: Undertake titration and calorimetry to determine the concentration of solutions.
Concentrate on keeping up your standards
Introduction: The aim of this experiment is to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution using titration. We do this by using a standard solution, whose concentration can
be determined using a concentration equation. Following that, the solution can be used in
the titration experiment.
Standard solution
The definition of a standard solution is one in which the concentration of the substance is
known. A standard solution is important because it can be used to determine the
concentration of unknown substances. Since the concentration of the standard solution is
already known, it is used frequently in titrations experiments to calculate the concentration
of an unknown solution. In this experiment we made a standard solution of sodium
carbonate.
Equipment needed:
Distilled water: this is to dilute the sodium carbonate.
Pipette: this is used to transport precise volumes of liquids.
Funnel: the funnel allows substances to go into a narrow object such as flasks.
Spatula: is used to pick up sodium carbonate.
Weighing scale: this is used to precisely weigh sodium carbonate.
Weighing boat: a weighing boat is used to carry the sodium carbonate.
Volumetric flask: is used to measure the mixture.
Sodium Carbonate: used as a control for the solution.
Method
1. The first step to perform standard solution is that you would turn on the weighing
scale and then place the weighing boat onto the weighing scale and write the weight
of the weighing boat onto your results table (this was 1.21g).
2. After that you would add approximately 1.25g – 1.45g of sodium carbonate
however, mine was 1.36g of sodium carbonate and you would add this by using a
spatula.
3. Next you would transfer the sodium carbonate from your weighing boat to the
volumetric flask making sure you do not spill any otherwise it would affect the
results.
4. After that you would pour distilled water into the weighing boat to get the excess
sodium carbonate into the volumetric flask this is to ensure that the results are
accurate.
, 5. Then you would reweigh the weighing boat and record it on your results table.
6. After that you would pour approximately 150cm³ of distilled water into the
volumetric flask this is to leave room to pour water around the beaker to make sure
there is no sodium carbonate stuck on the side.
7. Then stir the mixture until the sodium carbonate is completely dissolved.
8. After that add the 100cm³ of distilled water to the sides of the volumetric flask to
ensure there is no sodium carbonate on the sides that would affect the results.
9. Then for the final cm³ of distilled water use a pipette until you reach the meniscus
line to ensure complete accuracy.
10. After that you would mix the solution for 60 seconds by shaking the liquid.
Risk assessment
Hazard Risk How will you avoid Actions
the risk?
Glass objects If the glass becomes To avoid the risks, If a person gets cut
(beakers and broken it can cause you would wear firstly rinse the
volumetric flask) injuries such as cuts PPEs such as a lab affected area and
if picked up for coat and gloves. compress the
example. affected area if it is
bleeding still.
Sodium carbonate This can cause To avoid this, you If a person performs
serious eye would wear PPE’s the risk, they would
irritation. including eye immediately put
protection. their eyes under an
eye wash.
Calculation for the concentration and moles of the standard solution
Moles=Mass/Mr
Mr of Na2CO3=106.0000g/mol
Moles of Na2CO3= 1.3600/106.0000= 0.0128
=0.0128mol/250.0000cm 3
Concentration=0.0513mol/dm3
X4
Calibration
Calibration is used to make sure that the instrument in practise will produce accurate
results, calibration is important due to if the equipment were not calibrated the results of
the practical would be affected. In simple words calibrating equipment can ensure that all
results are accurate and precise.
A: Undertake titration and calorimetry to determine the concentration of solutions.
Concentrate on keeping up your standards
Introduction: The aim of this experiment is to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution using titration. We do this by using a standard solution, whose concentration can
be determined using a concentration equation. Following that, the solution can be used in
the titration experiment.
Standard solution
The definition of a standard solution is one in which the concentration of the substance is
known. A standard solution is important because it can be used to determine the
concentration of unknown substances. Since the concentration of the standard solution is
already known, it is used frequently in titrations experiments to calculate the concentration
of an unknown solution. In this experiment we made a standard solution of sodium
carbonate.
Equipment needed:
Distilled water: this is to dilute the sodium carbonate.
Pipette: this is used to transport precise volumes of liquids.
Funnel: the funnel allows substances to go into a narrow object such as flasks.
Spatula: is used to pick up sodium carbonate.
Weighing scale: this is used to precisely weigh sodium carbonate.
Weighing boat: a weighing boat is used to carry the sodium carbonate.
Volumetric flask: is used to measure the mixture.
Sodium Carbonate: used as a control for the solution.
Method
1. The first step to perform standard solution is that you would turn on the weighing
scale and then place the weighing boat onto the weighing scale and write the weight
of the weighing boat onto your results table (this was 1.21g).
2. After that you would add approximately 1.25g – 1.45g of sodium carbonate
however, mine was 1.36g of sodium carbonate and you would add this by using a
spatula.
3. Next you would transfer the sodium carbonate from your weighing boat to the
volumetric flask making sure you do not spill any otherwise it would affect the
results.
4. After that you would pour distilled water into the weighing boat to get the excess
sodium carbonate into the volumetric flask this is to ensure that the results are
accurate.
, 5. Then you would reweigh the weighing boat and record it on your results table.
6. After that you would pour approximately 150cm³ of distilled water into the
volumetric flask this is to leave room to pour water around the beaker to make sure
there is no sodium carbonate stuck on the side.
7. Then stir the mixture until the sodium carbonate is completely dissolved.
8. After that add the 100cm³ of distilled water to the sides of the volumetric flask to
ensure there is no sodium carbonate on the sides that would affect the results.
9. Then for the final cm³ of distilled water use a pipette until you reach the meniscus
line to ensure complete accuracy.
10. After that you would mix the solution for 60 seconds by shaking the liquid.
Risk assessment
Hazard Risk How will you avoid Actions
the risk?
Glass objects If the glass becomes To avoid the risks, If a person gets cut
(beakers and broken it can cause you would wear firstly rinse the
volumetric flask) injuries such as cuts PPEs such as a lab affected area and
if picked up for coat and gloves. compress the
example. affected area if it is
bleeding still.
Sodium carbonate This can cause To avoid this, you If a person performs
serious eye would wear PPE’s the risk, they would
irritation. including eye immediately put
protection. their eyes under an
eye wash.
Calculation for the concentration and moles of the standard solution
Moles=Mass/Mr
Mr of Na2CO3=106.0000g/mol
Moles of Na2CO3= 1.3600/106.0000= 0.0128
=0.0128mol/250.0000cm 3
Concentration=0.0513mol/dm3
X4
Calibration
Calibration is used to make sure that the instrument in practise will produce accurate
results, calibration is important due to if the equipment were not calibrated the results of
the practical would be affected. In simple words calibrating equipment can ensure that all
results are accurate and precise.
