Policing America Final Exam with complete solutions

In all likelihood, the police spend ________ percent of their time enforcing the law. - Answer- 15 The Statute of Winchester called for: - Answer- all men in town to serve night watch Approximately how many separate police departments currently exist in the United States? - Answer- 18,000 Police departments in early Colonial America (i.e., before the professionalization movement) can best be described as: - Answer- corrupt and politically influenced London's Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) of 1829: - Answer- all of the above (10 yrs before Modern American police, passed by parliament, initially resisted) Sir Robert Peel is best known for - Answer- professional style police officers who conducted beat patrol in a proactive manner One of the unintended effects of mobile patrol was - Answer- reduced police contact with law-abiding citizens The four-step, problem-solving methodology referred to in the text as SARA stands for: - Answer- scanning, analysis, response, assessment Increasing response time to police calls for service: - Answer- has little effect on clearance rates / arrest rates Academics given credit for broken windows policing - Answer- Wilson & Kelling Throughout the past few decades crime has - Answer- gone down (Roe v. Wade) Which of the following is TRUE about measuring police productivity? - Answer- the clearance rate and crime rate do not give an accurate picture Places where crimes are likely to occur based on prior statistical analysis are called... - Answer- hot spots Which of the following best represents the first stage of the SARA model (i.e., scanning) in problem-oriented policing? - Answer- broadly identifies recurring problems Who authored the law enforcement section of the Wickersham Commission Report? - Answer- August Vollmer Who has been given credit with defining problem-oriented policing? - Answer- Herman Goldstein American policing can be described as heavily decentralized. - Answer- True Most British police officers do not carry firearms. - Answer- True Police need probable cause before they stop and frisk citizens. - Answer- False O.W. Wilson was a Berkeley police officer under Chief Vollmer. - Answer- True The comic book hero Batman was created to mimic which police leader? - Answer- Teddy Roosevelt Who is considered the father of modern policing? - Answer- Robert Peel Jacob Blake's August 23, 2020 shooting in Kenosha included which of the following issues? - Answer- all of the above (questionable use of force, vigilantism during protests/riots, shooting a fleeing felon) Broken windows policing requires that officers think critically about what is causing specific problems in their community. - Answer- False Problem-oriented policing requires that officers think critically about what is causing specific problems in their community. - Answer- True Unlike American policing, British policing under Peel - Answer- Became highly centralized without influence from local politics The genesis of American professional policing is associated w/ the initiatives The genesis of American professional policing is associated w/ the initiatives of - Answer- August Vollmer Battle cry for Progressives: - Answer- Police have to get out of politics and politics have to get out of the police! The following are advantages of a bureaucracy - Answer- level playing field Following are disadvantages of a bureaucracy - Answer- all of the above (alienation, uncertainty and lack of responsive leadership, unresponsiveness to customers/clients/public) Disadvantage of specialization in departments - Answer- Conflict through competition Most police departments follow the ____ model of organization - Answer- bureaucratic example of traditional (standard) law enforcement - Answer- hierarchical with specialized functions Following is example of COP/POP department - Answer- Participatory management w/ open organizational model Referencing organizational structure, COP/POP advocates a management philosophy which emphasizes - Answer- all of the above (Continuous community involvement, shorter & flatter design, less specialization, decentralization of police services) Comparing traditional law enforcement vs POP organizational structures - Answer- traditional = rigid & formal; COP/POP = open to change & sensitive to environment Following is NOT accurate example of POP - Answer- An increased strategic dimension of utilizing increased random patrols to deter criminal offenders Executive assistant to O.W. Wilson with CPD - Answer- Herman Goldstein Which of following police agencies has greatest number of sworn officers? - Answer- Municipal Which type of patrol performs more efficiently - Answer- One-person patrols Percentage of law enforcement that is female - Answer- 12% Los Angeles has larger rate of police officers per population than New York - Answer- False The FBI has central authority over all criminal investigations throughout the nation - Answer- False Accreditation is voluntary - Answer- True Lateral transfers are common - Answer- False ASC was created in Vollmer's living room - Answer- True As police commissioner, Teddy Roosevelt was part of Tammany Hall political machine in NYC - Answer- False NAD was successful because it resulted in arresting several neighborhood drug dealers - Answer- False Problem-oriented policing is only effective with proper governmental funding. - Answer- False Despite the great publicity they receive, fingerprints are rarely used in solving most crimes. - Answer- True Police officers have ______________ discretion. - Answer- tremendous Zero-tolerance policing is based upon the theory of - Answer- broken windows Which of the following is the most common type of order maintenance activity carried out by the police? - Answer- traffic enforcement Eck and Maguire maintain that there are three organizational changes that agencies need to make in order to successfully implement community policing. Which of the following is not one of the three changes? - Answer- response time Which of the following is considered the "backbone of policing, the central aspect of police operations"? - Answer- patrol Which of the following is not an example of the roles police play in community-based crime prevention programs? - Answer- making arrests Zero-tolerance policing has been heavily criticized for encouraging officers to - Answer- be overly aggressive In the essay "Broken Windows," what did the authors argue that the police should focus their resources on? - Answer- disorder problems that impact quality of life The Center for Disease Control (CDC) found that not a single police officer in the United States has ever contracted HIV/AIDS as a result of a work-related exposure. - Answer- true Most police work requires order maintenance. Which of the following is NOT an example of order maintenance? - Answer- narcotics crackdown There are problems in the methods used to measure performance and select candidates. For example, written tests at best only screen out the: - Answer- illiterate and the poor Criminal investigation offers a clearly defined measure of success. What is this measure? - Answer- arresting a suspect The demeanor of a suspect tends NOT to bias the police decision to arrest that suspect. - Answer- false There is evidence to support the idea that female officers - Answer- receive fewer complaints compared to male officers Which of the following is a popular selection test used by local police departments? - Answer- all of the above (personal interviews, criminal records check, physical agility exam) The RAND Corporation found detective work to be - Answer- superficial, nonproductive, and routine The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment sought to determine the relative deterrent effects of arrest, mediation, and separation. What was one its findings? - Answer- Arrests produced lower rates of repeat calls for service compared to mediation or separation To supplement classroom academy training, most departments operate practical field experience programs with senior officers. These are called FTO programs, which stands for: - Answer- field training officer Wes Skogan (Northwestern University) has distinguished between two major subcategories of disorder. Which category includes such issues as public drinking, noisy neighbors, street corner gangs, and commercial sex? - Answer- social Which is not a strategy of problem solving in community policing? - Answer- responding to calls for service and making arrests The perceived assignment considered a "high status" by most officers is a: - Answer- detective The vast majority of arrests the police make are for - Answer- quality of life crimes Which of the following was one of the first attempts to decrease officers' discretion? - Answer- mandatory arrest policies Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson's police organizational operating styles? - Answer- aggressive Which of the following is an example of improving police accountability? - Answer- CompStat Most police patrol time is spent - Answer- as uncommitted time Officers practicing incident-driven policing - Answer- tend to respond to similar incidents at the same location numerous times In the article on Broken Windows & Police Discretion, Wilson and Kelling note that the community policing model ____ the use of police discretion among officers at all levels of the organization - Answer- expands and encourages What was one of the findings of the 1973 KANSAS City Patrol Beat Experiment? - Answer- lower levels of patrol did NOT lead to an increase in crime Zhao and Thurman conducted a study examining the effectiveness of the community-policing strategy implemented under the Clinton administration. What did they conclude? - Answer- Community policing strategy was extremely effective The NEWARK Foot Patrol Experiment found that additional foot patrol has what effect - Answer- a POSITIVE effect on citizen's ATTITUDES In contrast to the organizational design of traditional police departments, the design of community policing is: - Answer- DECENTRALIZED Most common ways the police have attempted to bring the police and citizenry together while attempting to control crime is through using - Answer- more foot patrols Second largest police departments - Answer- Chicago The Philadelphia quasi-experiment on foot patrol as evaluated by TEMPLE UNIVERSITY (Dr. Jerry Ratcliffe) determined that - Answer- Crime decreased in beats where foot patrol increased efficiency of departments in delivering patrol services to the public is affected by several factors - which of the following is not one - Answer- number of sworn officers What is the effect of official departmental policies on discretion? - Answer- They have a powerful influence over discretion Purpose in controlling police discretion - Answer- to prevent abuse of police authority critics argue that traditional professional model does not apply to policing because: - Answer- policing is more a craft than a profession Mapp v. Ohio established the Fourth Amendment - Answer- false In Chicago, as most departments, the rank-and-file officers welcomed the change to community policing - Answer- false American Institute of Stress ranked police work as top stress-producing job in US - Answer- false According to text, legal factors/court rulings limit discretion - Answer- true LEAA - Answer- Law Enforcement Assistance Administration; supplied funding for training, education and equipment for police department LEEP - Answer- Law Enforcement Education Program; funded more criminal justice classes and majors to enhance available education NAD - Answer- neighbors against drugs; Sheboygan, WI; Goldstein finalists; multiple responses besides just a sign in neighbor's yard that said NAD Differential response - Answer- A strategy for answering calls for service in which response time is adapted to the seriousness of the call What does it mean to unfound a crime? - Answer- when police officers do not complete a crime report Founded crime - Answer- Evidence is found that a crime did occur and there will be an active investigation Unfounded crimes happen or two reasons - Answer- An arrest is made so no need for active investigation or caller made it up and no crime occurred