pathophysiology exam with correct answers

What is Pathophysiology? - Correct answer-The study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. it is in terms of common presentations of disorders. What is the difference between clinical manifestation, complication, sequela? - Correct answer-Clinical manifestations- can either be objective (physician) or subjective (patient) information Complication- a new or separate process that may arise secondarily b/c of some change produced by the original problem. Sequela- a condition or conditions caused by and following a disease Define pathogenesis - Correct answer-the manner of development of a disease prodromal stage - Correct answer-early sign of a developing condition or disease primary prevention - Correct answer-prevent onset of disease secondary prevention - Correct answer-reduce the number of new or severe cases of a disease incubation period - Correct answer-time between infection and onset of symptoms latent period - Correct answer-time between exposure of tissue to injuries and first appearance of signs and symptoms. epidemiologist - Correct answer-study and analysis of distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations endemic - Correct answer-constant presence in a community and changed little from year to year epidemic - Correct answer-significant increase in certain population (corona virus) pandemic - Correct answer-epidemic that has spread to large geographic area fight or flight symptoms - Correct answer-Eyes will dilate and BP and heart rate will increase The alarm stage; because it provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to either evade or confront danger. (when the hypothalamus senses a need to activate the GAS in response to a stimulus, a stressor placing the balance of homeostasis at risk) Selye gas syndrome and what are the phases of GAS and what is happening in those phases? - Correct answer-General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Selye) -Three stages: Alarm, resistance/adaption, and exhaustion -Alarm stage: fight-or-flight response as the result of stressful stimulus -Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis -Resistance/adaptation: activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis -Allostatic state: activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis Exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis -Allostatic overload: "cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body when do you see release of cortisol? - Correct answer-stress response allostasis - Correct answer-Ability to successfully adapt to challenges Intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain A dynamic process that maintains or re-establishes homeostasis in light of environmental and lifestyle changes homeostasis - Correct answer-Remaining stable while staying the same A state in which all systems are in balance A state of equilibrium An ideal "set point" despite alterations within the body function of mitochondria - Correct answer-Powerhouses of the cell Convert energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular reaction Bound by 2 specialized membranes: inner membrane (matrix) & outer membrane containing large aqueous channels Contain enzymes necessary for ATP production Have a role in programmed cell death: apoptosis What is passive transport and how does it occur? - Correct answer-mov