Pathophysiology Exam 9

Pathophysiology Exam 9 If a patient is taking exogenous forms of corticosteroid hormones, what would their labs show? High levels of ACTH Low levels of ACTH Hyperkalemia None of the above Ans- Low levels of ACTH The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT: Poor wound healing Weight loss Osteoporosis Acne Ans- Weight loss Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: Hyperpigmentation Weight loss Muscle weakness Hyperglycemia Ans- Hyperglycemia Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: Lethargy Retention of sodium Nausea and vomiting Hypotension Ans- Retention of sodium t/f An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ. Ans- True T/F A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that produced it. Ans- false T/F The number of hormone receptors on a cell stays the same. Ans- false T/F The production and release of hormones by the pituitary gland requires stimulation by the hypothalamus. Ans- True What hormone plays a major role in the maintenance of body metabolism and growth and development in children? Epinephrine Cortisol Parathyroid Thyroid Ans- Thyroid The posterior pituitary releases which of the following hormones? Select all that apply. Prolactin Oxytocin ADH ACTH GH Ans- Oxytocin ADH Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: Markedly reduced beta cell mass Markedly reduced circulating insulin level Gradual, subtle onset Usually normal body weight Ans- Gradual, subtle onset Each of the following are true about metabolic syndrome EXCEPT: Pear-shaped obesity Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Elevated blood sugar Ans- Pear-shaped obesity T/F Glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down for energy, is produced by glucagon. Ans- False (by insulin) T/F When the body is in starvation mode, it breaks down fat into ketones. Ans- true T/F Most hormones are controlled through negative feedback. Ans- true t/f Those with prediabetes have an increased risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Ans- True T/F Diabetes can be diagnosed by a fasting blood sugar, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, or hemoglobin A1C. Ans- True A 45- year-old female presents with increased appetite, weight loss, and nervousness. Lab findings show a high serum T4 and low TSH. What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate? What is one treatment you would suggest? Ans- Answer: (1) Hyperthyroidism; (2) methimazole or propylthiouricil, radioactive iodine, or surgical removal. There are ways to prevent and/or control progression of diabetic kidney disease (nephropathy). Name 4 of them: Ans- Answer: Tight glycemic control; blood pressure control (130/80); hyperlipidemia treatment; smoking cessation; and limiting proteinuria through ACE inhibitors or ARBs, or protein restriction. Hypothyroidism is caused by each of the following EXCEPT: Autoimmune causes Surgery, radiation therapy, or both Iodine deficiency Thyroid adenoma Hereditary or developmental abnormalities Ans- Thyroid adenoma Which drug therapy for diabetes does not cause hypoglycemia and has a side effect of weight loss, making it a popular oral antidiabetic treatment? A. Biguanides (metformin) B. Insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas) C. Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) D. α-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose and miglitol) E. DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin) Ans- A. Biguanides (metformin) People with diabetes should be followed closely by their health care provider to monitor glycemic control and be screened regularly for complications. List 5 ways they should be screened: Ans- Answer: Checking weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile, serum creatinine, microalbumin, foot exam, dilated eye exams, and dental exam. Normal fasting blood sugars in people without diabetes are between _____. Ans- Answer: 70-100 mg/dL A ______ test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity, should be administered annually on all diabetic patients. Ans- monofilament ___ ____ is diagnosed by hyperglycemia, low serum bicarbonate, and low pH, with ketonemia and moderate ketonuria. Ans- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Which oral antidiabetic drugs increase GLP-1 and GIP, which increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels. Ans- DPP-4 inhibitor