1
Perspectives on People, Management, and Organization.
Summaries of Lectures and Articles PPMO Pre-Master 2023
Table of Contents
Topic 1: Organizational strategy ............................................................................................................ 2
Lecture Summary................................................................................................................................ 2
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................... 7
Article 01:........................................................................................................................................ 7
Article 02:........................................................................................................................................ 8
Article 03:...................................................................................................................................... 13
Topic 2: Introduction to (social) Entrepreneurship ............................................................................. 15
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 15
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 18
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 18
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 22
Topic 3: Personality & Motivation ....................................................................................................... 25
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 25
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 29
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 29
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 31
Topic 4: Management Consulting ........................................................................................................ 33
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 33
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 39
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 39
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 42
Topic 5: Organizational culture & Change Management .................................................................... 45
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 45
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 51
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 51
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 53
Topic 6: Managing Equality, Diversity & Inclusion in Organizations................................................... 55
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 55
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 59
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 59
Questions & Answers to Practice ......................................................................................................... 67
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Topic 1: Organizational strategy
Lecture Summary
Strategy originated in the military
Strategy: how to get to where you want to be.
Mission: reason why the company exists
Vision: where the company wants to go
Strategy Context
Content:
Network Level > Alliance/Partnership > network
Corporate Level > corporation > corporate
Business level > Operating unit > business unit
Function level > functional department > Marketing & sales
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Context:
International context > industry context > organizations context > manager
Strategy process
Strategic analysis = External analysis: find out what is happening around you (stakeholder analysis, 5
forces model, PESTLE) + Internal analysis (VALUE CHAIN, resources, products/services)
Strategic choice = Strategic options + selection
Strategic implementation = Operationalizing
International strategy
Globalization: globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders.
Spotify is a company that was born global. It was never a local company and started out operating
worldwide.
Example: Ikea in India > had a plan before entering because of the cultural differences and different
needs.
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PESTLE Analysis
Political: government policy, political stability, corruption, foreign trade policy, tax policy, labour law,
trade restrictions
Economic: Economic growth, exchange rates, interest rates, inflation rates, disposable income,
unemployment rate
Social: population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes, safety emphasis, health
consciousness, lifestyle attitudes, cultural barriers
Technological: technology incentives, level of innovation, automation, R&D activity, technological
change, technological awareness
Ecological: weather, geographical location, climate and climate change. limited natural resources,
recycling, waste disposal
Legal: health and safety, equal opportunities, advertising standards, consumer rights and laws,
product labelling and product safety
Industry Context
Industry = playing field of firms and their competitions (example, fast-food industry: mcdonalds, kfc,
burger king)
Environment can change rapidly (innovation, crisis situations)
Organizations must adapt themselves to their environments (understand the context in which they
operate)
Porter’s Five Forces model:
Assesses the competitive environment. Furthermore, it shows five different forces that could affect
how a business is positioned in a certain industry. The importance is rated low to high.
It is an industry level analysis so in this analysis you are not looking at a certain firm.
1. Bargaining power of buyers (number of customers, size of each customer order, differences
between competitors, price sensitivity, buyer’s ability to substitute, buyer’s information
availability, switching costs)
2. Bargaining power of suppliers (number and size of suppliers, uniqueness of each supplier’s
product, focal company’s ability to substitute)
3. Threat of new entrants (barriers to entry, economies of scale, brand loyalty, capital
requirements, cumulative experience, government policies, access to distribution channels,
switching costs)
4. Threat of substitute products (number of substitute products available, buyer propensity to
substitute, relative price performance of substitute, perceived level of product
differentiation, switching costs) (does not have to be in the similar market, beer is an
substitute for wine f.e.)
5. Rivalry among existing competitors (number of competitors, diversity of competitors,
industry concentration, industry growth, quality differences, brand loyalty, barriers to exit,
switching costs)
Perspectives on People, Management, and Organization.
Summaries of Lectures and Articles PPMO Pre-Master 2023
Table of Contents
Topic 1: Organizational strategy ............................................................................................................ 2
Lecture Summary................................................................................................................................ 2
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................... 7
Article 01:........................................................................................................................................ 7
Article 02:........................................................................................................................................ 8
Article 03:...................................................................................................................................... 13
Topic 2: Introduction to (social) Entrepreneurship ............................................................................. 15
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 15
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 18
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 18
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 22
Topic 3: Personality & Motivation ....................................................................................................... 25
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 25
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 29
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 29
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 31
Topic 4: Management Consulting ........................................................................................................ 33
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 33
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 39
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 39
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 42
Topic 5: Organizational culture & Change Management .................................................................... 45
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 45
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 51
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 51
Article 02:...................................................................................................................................... 53
Topic 6: Managing Equality, Diversity & Inclusion in Organizations................................................... 55
Lecture Summary.............................................................................................................................. 55
Summary Articles ............................................................................................................................. 59
Article 01:...................................................................................................................................... 59
Questions & Answers to Practice ......................................................................................................... 67
, 2
Topic 1: Organizational strategy
Lecture Summary
Strategy originated in the military
Strategy: how to get to where you want to be.
Mission: reason why the company exists
Vision: where the company wants to go
Strategy Context
Content:
Network Level > Alliance/Partnership > network
Corporate Level > corporation > corporate
Business level > Operating unit > business unit
Function level > functional department > Marketing & sales
, 3
Context:
International context > industry context > organizations context > manager
Strategy process
Strategic analysis = External analysis: find out what is happening around you (stakeholder analysis, 5
forces model, PESTLE) + Internal analysis (VALUE CHAIN, resources, products/services)
Strategic choice = Strategic options + selection
Strategic implementation = Operationalizing
International strategy
Globalization: globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders.
Spotify is a company that was born global. It was never a local company and started out operating
worldwide.
Example: Ikea in India > had a plan before entering because of the cultural differences and different
needs.
, 4
PESTLE Analysis
Political: government policy, political stability, corruption, foreign trade policy, tax policy, labour law,
trade restrictions
Economic: Economic growth, exchange rates, interest rates, inflation rates, disposable income,
unemployment rate
Social: population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes, safety emphasis, health
consciousness, lifestyle attitudes, cultural barriers
Technological: technology incentives, level of innovation, automation, R&D activity, technological
change, technological awareness
Ecological: weather, geographical location, climate and climate change. limited natural resources,
recycling, waste disposal
Legal: health and safety, equal opportunities, advertising standards, consumer rights and laws,
product labelling and product safety
Industry Context
Industry = playing field of firms and their competitions (example, fast-food industry: mcdonalds, kfc,
burger king)
Environment can change rapidly (innovation, crisis situations)
Organizations must adapt themselves to their environments (understand the context in which they
operate)
Porter’s Five Forces model:
Assesses the competitive environment. Furthermore, it shows five different forces that could affect
how a business is positioned in a certain industry. The importance is rated low to high.
It is an industry level analysis so in this analysis you are not looking at a certain firm.
1. Bargaining power of buyers (number of customers, size of each customer order, differences
between competitors, price sensitivity, buyer’s ability to substitute, buyer’s information
availability, switching costs)
2. Bargaining power of suppliers (number and size of suppliers, uniqueness of each supplier’s
product, focal company’s ability to substitute)
3. Threat of new entrants (barriers to entry, economies of scale, brand loyalty, capital
requirements, cumulative experience, government policies, access to distribution channels,
switching costs)
4. Threat of substitute products (number of substitute products available, buyer propensity to
substitute, relative price performance of substitute, perceived level of product
differentiation, switching costs) (does not have to be in the similar market, beer is an
substitute for wine f.e.)
5. Rivalry among existing competitors (number of competitors, diversity of competitors,
industry concentration, industry growth, quality differences, brand loyalty, barriers to exit,
switching costs)
