Quiz Questions: Frontiers in Research questions and answers

Quiz Questions: Frontiers in Research questions and answers The primary reason for considering threats to internal validity in a proposal is so that steps can be taken to reduce them The "data analysis" section of a proposal states how the data collected will be analyzed A purpose of the "definitions" section of a proposal is to reduce ambiguity as much as possible Stating a research hypothesis is generally considered to be desirable The usage of a second instrument to check validity is usually highly desirable When research results are the opposite of what was expected, the researcher should report the results the way they occurred When reading a research report in a highly regarded journal, educators should evaluate the conclusions according to the correctness of the research methodology used in the study The purpose of operational definitions in a research proposal is to clarify terms and phrases When evaluating a research report, educators should determine whether the conclusions are supported by the data of the study Which of the following would NOT usually appear in a proposal budget personnel resumes The intent of the "review of related literature" in a proposal is to show how the proposed study builds on previous knowledge In the context of sections unique to a research report, ___ is a brief summary of the entire research report the abstract Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a computer search over a manual one? reliability A highly effective means of reducing the list of citations produced in a computer search is to instruct the computer to select only those fitting two or more descriptors The recommended sequence for reading primary sources is to read the most recent first In general, surveying related literature that has implications for the research question of an investigation should be done before conducting a study "Education Index" is most useful as a source for locating research references, abstracts, and article The advantage of a search engine is comprehensiveness Which of the following is true of the Education Resources Information Center? (ERIC) It is an online database of education research and information sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education In Order to conduct a thorough search of relevant primary sources, It may be necessary to search manually for sources only available in print/paper formats Which of the following would NOT contain primary sources? Handbook of Research on Teaching What descriptor would you begin with to locate references on the following research question? "What effect does the use of word processors have on the grammatical skills of high school students? word processors Common mistakes in preparing notes on primary sources include all of the following EXCEPT failure to verify the author's credentials The concept in research that refers to differences within a class of objects is known as a variable "Students taught first aid by programmed instruction will achieve at a higher level than those taught first aid by the traditional method". The dependent variable in this hypothesis is the level of achievement The dependent variable is so called because scores on this variable are hypothesized to depend on, and vary with, the value of the independent variable Identify the advantages of stating a research question as a hypothesis 1. It forces researchers to think more deeply and specifically about the possible outcomes of a study 2. The entire procedure gains both in persuasiveness and efficiency when the hypothesis is proven correct 3. it helps researchers see if they are, or are not, investigating a relationship 4. All of these answers are correct * If a researcher studies the effects of frustration on the frequency of aggressive behavior, the degree of frustration should be regarded as an independent variable In a study comparing methods of improving critical thinking, what type of variable is "critical thinking"? dependent, outcome, and quantitative Which of the following is likely moderator variable in a study of the relationship between church attendance and political party preference 1. Income 2. Gender 3. Age 4. All of these answers are correct * The disadvantage of stating hypotheses include all of the following EXCEPT complicating the design of a study An outcome variable is most similar to a dependent variable When a hypothesis is confirmed, one should conclude that the data provide evidence favorable to the belief that the hypothesis is true A categorical variable is one that varies in type but not amount A research report states that Group A was exposed to a new teaching method and Group B was exposed to a traditional method. At the end of a four-month period, each group was given the same achievement test. Group A had a mean score that was higher than the mean score for Group B. The dependent variable in this study was the achievement scores of the students The first step in selecting a sample should be to define the population of interest The most important feature of a table of random numbers is that there is no pattern to the numbers in the table A true statement about cluster random sampling is that its effectiveness is affected by the numbers of groups selected The use of convergence samples is generally to be avoided because they are unlikely to be representative of the intended population The term "external validity" includes population generalizability and ecological generalizability In reading a table of random numbers, the researcher begins with any number The most important aspect in selecting a sample is that it must try to be representative of the population When a convenience sample is used, the researcher should not generalize to a specified population A stratified random sample is used when the researcher wants to guarantee representativeness on specified variables ecological generalizability includes the characteristics of the environment In random sampling, it is necessarily true that each sampling unit has an equal probability of being selected In cluster random sampling groups are randomly selected Which of the following would be the least appropriate variable to assess with an observational tally sheet? critical thinking When using an _____ measurement, researchers simply assign numbers to different categories in order to show differences Nominal scale Which of these could be used as an aptitude scale? The Stanford Achievement Scale Aptitude tests differ from ability tests primarily in their purpose A previously existing instrument may be inadequate for purposes of the researcher Which of the following is most characteristic of skilled as opposed to unskilled observers in research? Describing the subject's behavior rather than the personal reaction of the observer The distinguishing feature of projective techniques is that they are intentionally ambiguous The use of previously developed instruments in a study is desirable because instrument development is a complex undertaking Which of the flowing is an example of researcher- completed instruments? flowcharts Which of the following is an example of subject-completed instruments? attitude scales Which of the following is considered data? test scores, political opinions, religious opinions, religious preferences, all these answers are correct One advantage that an interview has over a questionnaire is that it allows clarification of obscure questions Which of the following would be considered evidence of validity of observer ratings of social adjustment? a correlation of .75 with peer nominations for class president The longer the time interval between a prediction and the event to be predicted, the smaller are the chances of making a good prediction The reliability of a measurement is concerned with consistency has been defined as referring to the appropriateness, correctness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of the specific inferences researchers male based on the data they collect Validity Which of the following is a way to assess the predictive validity of an algebra test? correlating test scores with success as an engineer Which of the following would be considered evidence of validity for a test of "hostility"? a much higher average score following a frustrating experience Criterion- related evidence of validity can be shown by the expectancy table Determining split-half reliability requires that each student be scored for two halves of a test Which of the following would be a way of assisting unreliability due to content and time? administering a reading test (Form X) on Monday and Form Y on Friday Errors of measurement are caused by *Changes in the people who take a test *Changes in test items *Changes in the administration of the instrument *All of the above Content-related evidence of validity would be provided by having experts review the test