Nervous System Test Review Completely Solved

What is a synapse? What is the purpose of the synapse? How is this purpose carried out? - ANSWER Space between neurons - purpose is communication carried out via neurotransmitters, stored in vesicles What are the three basic functions of the nervous system? - ANSWER 1. Receive information from senstory recptors 2. Integrate and process info 3. Send response via motor neurons to effectors How can the nervous system be divided? What is included in each system? - ANSWER CNS: Brain, spinal cord PNS: cranial nerves, spinal nerves What is the function of each division of the nervous system? - ANSWER CNS - integrate, process sensory information, send response PNS - Send sensory information to CNS and send the CNS response to effectors What are the four types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS? What is their function? - ANSWER 1. Microglial cells - immune response 2. Digodendrocytes - create myelin sheath around axon to insulate and protect 3. Astrocytes - maintain environment around neuron, repair neuron, development of neurons, development of neurons, send sensory information to CNS 4. Ependymal cells - circulate and monitor CSF What are the two types of neuroglial cells found in the PNS? What is their function? - ANSWER Satellite cells - regulate the environment around the neurons Schwanh cells - myelinates only one segment of a single axon. Also engulfs damaged and dying nerve cells What are the two functional divisions of the PNS? - ANSWER Afferent division and Efferent division What two systems do the efferent system of the PNS breakdown into? - ANSWER Somatic Nervous system and Autonomic Nervous system What composes white matter versus dark matter in the brain? - ANSWER Myelinated (white matter) - myeinated axons Unmyelinated (gray matter) - unmyelinated axons What are the four ways that neurons are classified according to structure? Be sure to include where they are found and what their function is. - ANSWER - Anaxonic neuron : no distinct processes and located in the brain and special sense organs. Function is poorly understood - Bipolar neuron : rare, found in special sense organs where they relay information about sight, smell, or hearing from receptor cells to neurons - Unipolar neuron : dendrites and axon are fused together and continuous, cell body lays off to one side. Very long, longest extend from tips of toes to spinal cord - Multipolar neurons : most common in the sensory and motor of the CNS and also very long What are the three ways neurons are classified according to function? - ANSWER Exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptor What is an action potential? - ANSWER An action potential is an electrical impulse or signal passed from one neuron to another What is the "all or none" principle? - ANSWER Must reach -55 mV threshold or NO action potential is generated Describe the steps of an action potential - ANSWER See paper Spinal nerves are considered to be ____________ nerves, because they contain both ___________ and ___________ nerves. - ANSWER - Mixed - Afferent - Efferent What are the three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord? - ANSWER Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater Know and label the graph - ANSWER See paper Be able to label the following membranes of the nerve : perineurium. epineurium, endoneurium, fascicle - ANSWER See paper What is a reflex? Draw a simple reflex arc and label it correctly. What responds to reflexes? What is the minimum number of synapses present in reflex arc? - ANSWER A reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus. Mos reflexes occur in the spinal cord rather than thee brain for faster response time. The wiring of a single reflex is called a reflex arc. and 2 What four things protect the brain? - ANSWER Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid? - ANSWER Shock absorption, to support the weight of the brain, nourishment and waste removal What are the three parts of the brain? - ANSWER Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain stem Chambers of the brain are called______ - ANSWER Ventricles The _______ glad is the master gland of the endocri