Nervous system questions & Answers

Spastic paralysis is: - ANSWER damaged neurons of the primary motor cortex in the brain (no voluntary control of muscles) Flaccid paralysis is: - ANSWER severing of the spinal cord (no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles) The -plegia paralysis (5 kinds) - ANSWER *monoplegia: only one limb *diplegia: same body region both sides of the body *hemiplegia: one side of the body *paraplegia: both legs and trunk *quadriplegia: 4 limbs and the trunk Spinal cord is located: - ANSWER within the vertebral column from the brain to first lumbar vertebra Spinal column is composed of: - ANSWER 33 bones The brain is divided into 4 divisions: - ANSWER brainstem diencephalon cerebellum cerebrum The brain stem consists of 3 regions: - ANSWER midbrain pons medulla oblongata Function of the brain stem is: - ANSWER controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival Functions of the midbrain: - ANSWER involved with pain suppression and the fight or flight syndrome contains visual and auditory reflex centers Function of the pons: - ANSWER helps control respiratory rate Function of the medulla oblongata: - ANSWER adjusts force and rate of heart contraction controls rate and depth of breathing Function of the cerebellum: - ANSWER controls muscle coordination Function of thalamus (diencephalon): - ANSWER receives/relays sensory information to/from the cerebral cortex, including pain/pleasure centers Function of the hypothalamus (diencephalon) - ANSWER senses changes in body temp; controls autonomic activities and hence regulates sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; regulates appetite, arousal/alerting mechanism; emotions The limbic system is composed of: - ANSWER Amygdala Cingulate gyrus Hippocampal structures Function of the amygdala: - ANSWER deals with anger, danger, and fear responses Function of the cingulate gyrus: - ANSWER plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict Function of the hippocampal structures: - ANSWER convert new information into long-term memories What is a connectome? - ANSWER a comprehensive map of neural connections, pathways, in the brain The brain is protected by 3 things: - ANSWER -bone -meninges -cerebrospinal fluid Functions of the meninges: - ANSWER *Covers and protect the CNS *Protect blood vessels *Contain cerebrospinal fluid What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? - ANSWER *A separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS) *Protects the brain from harmful substances Brain is composed of ___ ventricles - ANSWER 4 4 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid: - ANSWER protection buoyancy excretion of waste products endocrine medium for the brain What is a stroke? - ANSWER -Caused when blood circulation to the brain is blocked and brain tissue dies -Most commonly caused by blockage of a cerebral artery -Other causes include compression of the brain by hemorrhage and atherosclerosis