, CHAPTER 1: HIV & IMMUNE SYSTEM
1
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Urban legends:
(UNIAIDS): Caused by HIV Urban Legend: popular story common in area,
HIV destroys body’s ability to fight completely unsubstantiated (no evidence)
infection & disease born out of fear + make people feel they have power
Can lead to death make people blameless, blame someone else
Antiretroviral therapy slows down ● counsellors should have scientific theories to
replication of virus correct misconceptions of origin of HIV develop
HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus critical attitude + question conspiracy theories
Destroy body’s ability to fight of infections & disease
Urban legends of HIV:
HISTORY: ● FBI developed virus to destroy 3rd world
1. 1981 - 1st became aware of new disease by CDC countries
called pneumocystis pneumonia ● Developed by apartheid government in SA
think only a ect homo men + haemophiliacs ● New age movement wanted to destroy specific
’slim disease’ - Africa - diarrhoea + weight loss portion of population, developed it
2. 1983 - virus induced
3. 1983 - HIV 1 - Dr Luc Montagnards + Louis Global Aids Epidemic:
Pasteur Institute - isolated virus in patient - 1. 1996 - HIV spread peaked to 3.5 million new
called it LAV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) infections worldwide
4. 1984 - Final science proof of HIV cause of AIDS 2. 2016 - 2 million per year -decreased by 43%
published in Science + The Lancet journals antiretroviral therapy
3. Worst hit place: sub-Saharan Africa (70% of
Origin: world’s HIV-infections occur here - women +
HIV caused by (in theory): children)
1. Been in central Africa for centuries
2. Polio vaccine in 1950’s - produced from cell HIV Incidence:
cultures from kidneys of African green Monkey HIV Incidence: annual number of new HIV infections as
3. Anti-malaria meds proportion of previously uninfected people
nr of new cases occur in specific time, presented as %
HIV real cause: ● Di cult to measure
1. Virus crosses species barrier from primates ● To calculate incidence, have to conduct
(simians specifically) to people longitudinal study to observe group of
HIV-uninflected people over specific time to
Crossing species barrier: determine how many become infected during
● Discovered that HIV (human virus) related to SIV time period
(simian virus) found in primates. ● Most incidence estimates obtained through
Need to clarify relationship between 2 mathematical & statistical modelling
● SIV - associated with di erent species of
monkeys + apes HIV Incidence = Number of new infections in specific year
Number of previously uninfected people
= 1 million
What is origin of HIV?
27.8 million
● Ancestor of HIV-1 group M virus = 3.6%
● Virus transmitted through inter species transition,
from chimpanzees to hunter, when hunter bitten HIV Prevalence:
while hunting/cut while butchering animal HIV prevalence: proportion of people living with HIV at
● Happened in 1930s - time where primates hunted specific time as %
for bushmeat in West Africa ● Gouws & Abdool Karim - snapshot view of current
● Di erent groups HIV - M, N, O, P - & di erent nr of people infected
subtypes of HIV (predominates in di erent parts
of world) HIV prevalence = Number people infected with HIV at specific time
● Group M viruses (HIV type 1) = current Aids Total population
epidemic = 5.51 million
54 million
● HIV-1 subtype C = dominant virus in SA, = 10.2 %
Zimbabwe, Malawi + Botswana
1
Grouping of signs + symptoms occurring simultaneously +
which characterise certain condition
, CHAPTER 1: HIV & IMMUNE SYSTEM
Response by government:
-Inaction -dissident beliefs -conflict
How is HIV prevalence measured? -denialism -harmful practices
estimate nr always given (eg. 6 people have HIV, have
to say 4-10 people have HIV) - min & max nr 1. 1980s - seen as gay disease + sort self out
atmosphere of distrust, disinterest + blaming
Based on data from combination of surveys: 2. 1985 - Aids Advisory Group established
● Antenatal (pre-birth) prevalence survey 3. 1991 - 3ATICs established
● Population & community-based survey not make progress without proper leadership +
● Studies among key populations at high risk support from government
● Reports of AIDS-related deaths 4. 1993 - 4NACOSA established
info for incidence & prevalence statistics 1st major step
gained from surveys conducted with specific coordinating body involving representatives of
groups ( sex workers, truck drivers) apartheid government + representatives of
anti-apartheid Aids activists
1. Antenatal surveillance programme 5. 1998 - Mandela government refusal 4 years after
involves annual testing of blood of pregnant drug proven successful in USA, to provide AZT to
women in public health sector who visit antenatal pregnant women in SA to prevent mother-to-child
clinics for 1st time during specific pregnancy transmission of HIV
1st 1 conducted in 1990 6. 1998 - 5TAC led by Zack Achmat to advocate right
anonymous + unlinked treatment for HIV people
blood samples tested for HIV 7. 2004 - TAC by Zack Achmat got Nobel prize
also for Herpes simplex type-2 since 2012
data useful for assessing general HIV trends in Our darkest days:
country 1. 1999 - 2008 - Mbeki era
president linked up with Aids dissidents who
2. National HIV Prevalence, Incidence & believed Aids not caused by HIV, but by minister
Behavioural surveys of health (Manto Tshabalala-Msimang)
2
HSRC + MRC conducted 1st survey in 2002 refused to approve antiretroviral treatment for
survey repeated every 3 years since then pregnant women
involve testing (informed consent) blood of 2. 2002 - After TAC actions, SA High Court ordered
large samples of individuals in households in SA government to provide pregnant women with
Questions on behavioural aspects: nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child
-condom use -sexual debut transmission
-circumcision -awareness of HIV status HIV prevalence 24.5%
survey helps fill out picture by providing 3. 2003 - provide antiretroviral therapy free to all
prevalence of HIV in sex, age, race + SA (public health services)
geographical areas ”too little too late” - in 3 years 330 000 died
Manto Tshabalala-Msimang continued support
World’s response to Aids epidemic: of untested + unlicensed ‘vitamin’ support for
● Initial response: denial, blaming & moralising cure for AIDS
● Aids believed as Gay disease + only a ect 4. 2006 - International Aids Conference in Toronto -
homosexual people Manto promote vegetables (beetroot, garlic,
● Haemophiliacs became infected through lemon) as alternative for antiretroviral treatment
infected blood products - innocent victims &
guilty who spread disease New Beginning? - SA antiretroviral programme largest in
● Zuma + Minister of Health (Dr Aaron Motsoaledi)
SA response to Aids epidemic: implemented 5 year National Strategy Plan for
● Similar to world response Aids + TB
● New depth of denial & inaction 1. Dec 2009 - World Aids Day - Zuma announced
number of critical interventions to improve
Inaction & Denialism: access of special groups ( pregnant women +
Denialism: refusal to admit truth about something proved
by scientific/historical evidence
3
Aids Training & Information Centres
4
2
HSRC - Human Sciences Research Council National Aids Convention of South Africa
5
MRC - Medical Research Council Treatment Action Campaign
1
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Urban legends:
(UNIAIDS): Caused by HIV Urban Legend: popular story common in area,
HIV destroys body’s ability to fight completely unsubstantiated (no evidence)
infection & disease born out of fear + make people feel they have power
Can lead to death make people blameless, blame someone else
Antiretroviral therapy slows down ● counsellors should have scientific theories to
replication of virus correct misconceptions of origin of HIV develop
HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus critical attitude + question conspiracy theories
Destroy body’s ability to fight of infections & disease
Urban legends of HIV:
HISTORY: ● FBI developed virus to destroy 3rd world
1. 1981 - 1st became aware of new disease by CDC countries
called pneumocystis pneumonia ● Developed by apartheid government in SA
think only a ect homo men + haemophiliacs ● New age movement wanted to destroy specific
’slim disease’ - Africa - diarrhoea + weight loss portion of population, developed it
2. 1983 - virus induced
3. 1983 - HIV 1 - Dr Luc Montagnards + Louis Global Aids Epidemic:
Pasteur Institute - isolated virus in patient - 1. 1996 - HIV spread peaked to 3.5 million new
called it LAV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) infections worldwide
4. 1984 - Final science proof of HIV cause of AIDS 2. 2016 - 2 million per year -decreased by 43%
published in Science + The Lancet journals antiretroviral therapy
3. Worst hit place: sub-Saharan Africa (70% of
Origin: world’s HIV-infections occur here - women +
HIV caused by (in theory): children)
1. Been in central Africa for centuries
2. Polio vaccine in 1950’s - produced from cell HIV Incidence:
cultures from kidneys of African green Monkey HIV Incidence: annual number of new HIV infections as
3. Anti-malaria meds proportion of previously uninfected people
nr of new cases occur in specific time, presented as %
HIV real cause: ● Di cult to measure
1. Virus crosses species barrier from primates ● To calculate incidence, have to conduct
(simians specifically) to people longitudinal study to observe group of
HIV-uninflected people over specific time to
Crossing species barrier: determine how many become infected during
● Discovered that HIV (human virus) related to SIV time period
(simian virus) found in primates. ● Most incidence estimates obtained through
Need to clarify relationship between 2 mathematical & statistical modelling
● SIV - associated with di erent species of
monkeys + apes HIV Incidence = Number of new infections in specific year
Number of previously uninfected people
= 1 million
What is origin of HIV?
27.8 million
● Ancestor of HIV-1 group M virus = 3.6%
● Virus transmitted through inter species transition,
from chimpanzees to hunter, when hunter bitten HIV Prevalence:
while hunting/cut while butchering animal HIV prevalence: proportion of people living with HIV at
● Happened in 1930s - time where primates hunted specific time as %
for bushmeat in West Africa ● Gouws & Abdool Karim - snapshot view of current
● Di erent groups HIV - M, N, O, P - & di erent nr of people infected
subtypes of HIV (predominates in di erent parts
of world) HIV prevalence = Number people infected with HIV at specific time
● Group M viruses (HIV type 1) = current Aids Total population
epidemic = 5.51 million
54 million
● HIV-1 subtype C = dominant virus in SA, = 10.2 %
Zimbabwe, Malawi + Botswana
1
Grouping of signs + symptoms occurring simultaneously +
which characterise certain condition
, CHAPTER 1: HIV & IMMUNE SYSTEM
Response by government:
-Inaction -dissident beliefs -conflict
How is HIV prevalence measured? -denialism -harmful practices
estimate nr always given (eg. 6 people have HIV, have
to say 4-10 people have HIV) - min & max nr 1. 1980s - seen as gay disease + sort self out
atmosphere of distrust, disinterest + blaming
Based on data from combination of surveys: 2. 1985 - Aids Advisory Group established
● Antenatal (pre-birth) prevalence survey 3. 1991 - 3ATICs established
● Population & community-based survey not make progress without proper leadership +
● Studies among key populations at high risk support from government
● Reports of AIDS-related deaths 4. 1993 - 4NACOSA established
info for incidence & prevalence statistics 1st major step
gained from surveys conducted with specific coordinating body involving representatives of
groups ( sex workers, truck drivers) apartheid government + representatives of
anti-apartheid Aids activists
1. Antenatal surveillance programme 5. 1998 - Mandela government refusal 4 years after
involves annual testing of blood of pregnant drug proven successful in USA, to provide AZT to
women in public health sector who visit antenatal pregnant women in SA to prevent mother-to-child
clinics for 1st time during specific pregnancy transmission of HIV
1st 1 conducted in 1990 6. 1998 - 5TAC led by Zack Achmat to advocate right
anonymous + unlinked treatment for HIV people
blood samples tested for HIV 7. 2004 - TAC by Zack Achmat got Nobel prize
also for Herpes simplex type-2 since 2012
data useful for assessing general HIV trends in Our darkest days:
country 1. 1999 - 2008 - Mbeki era
president linked up with Aids dissidents who
2. National HIV Prevalence, Incidence & believed Aids not caused by HIV, but by minister
Behavioural surveys of health (Manto Tshabalala-Msimang)
2
HSRC + MRC conducted 1st survey in 2002 refused to approve antiretroviral treatment for
survey repeated every 3 years since then pregnant women
involve testing (informed consent) blood of 2. 2002 - After TAC actions, SA High Court ordered
large samples of individuals in households in SA government to provide pregnant women with
Questions on behavioural aspects: nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child
-condom use -sexual debut transmission
-circumcision -awareness of HIV status HIV prevalence 24.5%
survey helps fill out picture by providing 3. 2003 - provide antiretroviral therapy free to all
prevalence of HIV in sex, age, race + SA (public health services)
geographical areas ”too little too late” - in 3 years 330 000 died
Manto Tshabalala-Msimang continued support
World’s response to Aids epidemic: of untested + unlicensed ‘vitamin’ support for
● Initial response: denial, blaming & moralising cure for AIDS
● Aids believed as Gay disease + only a ect 4. 2006 - International Aids Conference in Toronto -
homosexual people Manto promote vegetables (beetroot, garlic,
● Haemophiliacs became infected through lemon) as alternative for antiretroviral treatment
infected blood products - innocent victims &
guilty who spread disease New Beginning? - SA antiretroviral programme largest in
● Zuma + Minister of Health (Dr Aaron Motsoaledi)
SA response to Aids epidemic: implemented 5 year National Strategy Plan for
● Similar to world response Aids + TB
● New depth of denial & inaction 1. Dec 2009 - World Aids Day - Zuma announced
number of critical interventions to improve
Inaction & Denialism: access of special groups ( pregnant women +
Denialism: refusal to admit truth about something proved
by scientific/historical evidence
3
Aids Training & Information Centres
4
2
HSRC - Human Sciences Research Council National Aids Convention of South Africa
5
MRC - Medical Research Council Treatment Action Campaign
