Phlebotomy National Exam Study Guide

Phlebotomy National Exam Study Guide Term: OSHA Definition: Occupational Safety & Health Administration Term: What vaccination does OSHA require all health care personnel get? Definition: OSHA requires that all health care personnel exposed to blood and other bodily fluids must receive a vaccination against Hepatitis B Term: Pulmonary Edema Definition: Fluid in the lungs Term: How much blood can a person donate in a session? Definition: 500 mL Term: Patients have the right to what? Definition: Under the Patient Bill of Rights, they always have the option to decline medical treatment and to know what tests are being performed on them. Term: What can you NOT give a patient? Definition: Results or a diagnosis. Because you are not medically qualified to do so. Term: Negligence is? Definition: Failure to give appropriate care. DON'T BE NEGLIGENT! Term: PPE stands for? Definition: Personal Protective Equipment Term: One of the most important practices is? Definition: Hand Washing is one of the most important (and easiest) practices used to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens Term: Needles should never be Definition: recapped Term: Sharps containers must be what? Definition: puncture-resistant, leak proof on the sides and bottom and must be labeled or color-coded Term: Types of Hazards Definition: Biologic - Infectious agents that can cause bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections Sharps - Needles, lancets and broken glass can puncture and cut, causing blood-borne pathogen exposure Chemical - Preservatives and chemicals used in the laboratory. Exposure to Toxin, Carcinogenic or caustic substances Fire or explosive - Bunsen burners, oxygen and chemicals can cause burns or dismemberment Physical - wet floors, heavy lifting acne cause falls, sprains and strains * ALLERGIC reaction ** - Latex sensitivity is a PHYSICAL reaction to care worker allergic reaction to the patient Term: In infection control WHO is the agent? Definition: Person Term: In infection control WHAT is portal of exit? Definition: Needle Term: In infection control WHAT can we control? Definition: Mode Of Transmission OR exit of infection Term: In infection control WHAT is a portal of entry? Definition: Mucus membrane Term: In infection control WHO is a susceptible host? Definition: Person Term: Mode of Transmission Definition: Specific ways in which microorganisms travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host Term: Five main types or mode of transmission Definition: contact - direct and indirect (fomite) Droplet - Cold, Flu and sneezing Airborne - viral - breath in common vehicle - person, fomite and not handwashing vector borne - illness that is transmitted through an invertebrate, such as an insect Term: Mode of infection Definition: the point in the infection chain where we aim at preventing the spread of infectious disease Term: Standard precautions do what? Definition: Infection control method designed to prevent direct contact with blood and other body fluids and tissues by using a barrier of protection and work control practices. Term: What do we assume all patients to be? Definition: Patients are presumed to be infective for blood-borne pathogens Term: Standard precautions consist of what items? Definition: Gloves - when collecting and handling body fluids, or tissue specimen Face shield - when danger of splashing on mucous membranes Disposal - dispose of all needles and sharp objects in puncture-proof containers, WITH OUT RECAPPING Disinfectants - clean fluid spills, thus killing pathogenic organisms Term: Medical Asepsis Definition: This condition is best defined as "the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body". It also involves environmental hygiene measures such as equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures. Methods of medical asepsis are Standard Precautions and Transmission-based Precautions Term: What are barrier protections? Definition: Masks Gloves Face Shields Respirator Gloves Term: How do you remove PPE equipment? Definition: 1st - Gloves 2nd - Gown 3rd - Shield Term: What type of soap should be used? Definition: Non-abrasive, antibacterial soap. Term: What do you do if blood splashes in the eye or mucous membrane? Definition: Flush with warm water (hotter the better) for 15 minutes Report incident exposure to your supervisor ASAP! Term: Who cannot be identified in an incident report? Definition: a minor Term: Bedside manner includes? Definition: introduce yourself, ask patient name and b-day. Explain what you will be doing. Chat with patient to keep mind off poke. ADVISE them WHEN you are poking! Speak to them on a first name basis Term: What phase is best practice Definition: "Pleasant with the patient and professional with the poke". Term: If patient has an I.V., where do you draw blood? Definition: Downstream from the I.V. Term: Double Mastectomy patients should ONLY have blood drawn from what? Definition: Hands Term: Left Mastectomy patients should have blood drawn from what side? Definition: Right side Term: What is a Fistula? Definition: artificial connections of veins Term: What is a Graft? Definition: artificial artery connection to vein Term: Sclerosis is? Definition: Hard and cord like veins Term: For obese patients what vein is used? Definition: Cephalic Vein is most likely to be the one you can palpate and draw blood from in an obese patient Term: Cephalic means what? Definition: Head Term: Most common complication in Phlebotomy Definition: Hematoma Term: To prevent a Hematoma Definition: prevented if pressure is placed on the venipuncture site until bleeding stops Term: If a patient faints what is the 1st thing to do? Definition: GET the needle out of the arm Term: Vasovagal Syncope is Definition: fainting, dizziness before, during or after venipuncture Term: Circulatory System function Definition: is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes to the cells. Transport cellular waste such as carbon dioxide and urea to the organs where they can be expelled from the body. Term: Circulatory exchange is done where? Definition: capillary level Term: 45% of blood is Definition: formed elements - Erythrocytes (red blood cells) = 99% of formed elements. Leukocytes (white blood cells) and Thrombocytes (platelets) Term: All blood cells originate from Definition: stem cells in the bone marrow Term: The heart acts as what? Definition: two pumps (right and left sides) Term: Left and right sides of heart are connected by Definition: two circulations, with each pump equipped with two valves the function of which is to maintain a one-way flow of blood Term: Pulmonary circulations Definition: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. (alveoli) and return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium Term: Oxygenation takes place Definition: at the alveoli - sacks in the lungs Term: Systemic circulation Definition: carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body Term: Tricuspid valve Definition: an atrioventricular valve, being situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle Term: Pulmonic valve Definition: semi lunar valve situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery Term: Mitral valve Definition: (Bicuspid valve) is another atrioventricular valve, being situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle Term: Aortic valve Definition: semi lunar valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta Term: How long does it take for a full circulation? Definition: one minute Term: The average person weighting 155 pounds has Definition: approximately 5-6 liters of blood in their system. Term: Blood composes of Definition: 7-9 percent of total body weight of a person Term: Blood has how much plasma? Definition: 55% is plasma Term: Plasma is what? Definition: a clear, pale-yellow fluid Term: what does plasma do? Definition: it carries nutrients, lipids, glucose, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, antibodies, as wells as vitamins and hormones ect. Term: What is 45% of blood? Definition: Red blood cells, White blood cells and Platelets. Known as the formed cellular elements Term: How long does your body take to regenerate RBC you lose during donation Definition: 6 to 8 weeks if you donate the maximum of 500 mL Term: Three layers of the heart are? Definition: Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Term: Endocardium Definition: the endothelial inner layer lining of the heart Term: Myocardium Definition: the muscular middle layer. This is the contractile element of the heart Term: Epicardium Definition: the fibrous outer layer of the heart. The coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart are found in this layer Term: Blood vessels are Definition: Aortas, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins, superior and inferior vena cava Term: Erythrocytes Definition: Red blood cells or RBC's Term: Erythrocytes contain Definition: hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein. Term: Hemoglobin Definition: enters the blood as an immature reticulocyte where in one to two days, it matures into erythrocyte. Term: How many RBS's per microliter Definition: 4.2 to 6.2 million RBCs per microliter of blood. Term: What is the normal life span of RBC's Definition: is 120 days Term: What is leukocyte’s function Definition: provide the body protection against infection. Term: How many WBCs for adults per microliter Definition: 5,000 to 10,000 Term: Leukocytosis is? Definition: an increase in WBC's, is seen in the case of infection and leukemia. Term: Leukopenia is what? Definition: a decrease in WBC's, is seen with viral infection or chemotherapy Term: How many types of WBC's are in the blood Definition: Five Term: A differential count does what? Definition: determines the percentage of each type Term: Neutrophils are what? Definition: phagocytic cells, meaning, they engulf and digest bacteria. Their number increases in bacterial infection. Term: Neutrophils comprise how much of the WBC's population? Definition: 40 to 60% of the WBC population Term: Lymphocytes do what? Definition: their numbers increase in viral infection, they also play a role in immunity. Term: Lymphocytes comprise how much of the WBC population? Definition: 20 to 40% of the WBC population Term: Monocytes do what? Definition: Increase in intracellular infections and tuberculosis Term: Monocytes comprise how much of the WBC population? Definition: 3 to 8%, they are also the largest WBC's Term: Eosinophils do what Definition: they are active against antibody-labeled foreign molecules. Term: Eosinophils increase Definition: in allergies, skin infections and parasitic infections Term: Eosinophils come Definition: first in allergic reactions. During an allergic reaction it would show an increase in Eosinophil count Term: Basophils do what Definition: release histamine Term: Basophils count for what of the WBC population? Definition: 0 to 1% in the blood Term: Thrombocytes are essential for what? Definition: blood coagulation Term: Thrombocytes are also known as Definition: platelets are small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm formed in bone marrow Term: Three major veins are located Definition: in the antecubital fossa Term: The three major veins are? Definition: Median cubital vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein Term: 1st order of draw Definition: Red topper tube Term: Red top tube also known as Definition: plain vacuum tube and contains no additive or anticoagulant. Term: collected blood clots, by normal coagulation process is Definition: 30 minutes Term: Do you need to invert a Red Tube Definition: No Term: Common test for red tubes are Definition: Serum chemistry, Serology, Blood bank Term: Arteria Blood Gas (ABG) sample must be run within Definition: 15 minutes of collection Term: Arterial blood is used to determine Definition: blood gas levels and blood PH. Usually collected by a nurse or respiratory therapist Term: Basal state is Definition: When the patient has fasted and not exercised in 12 hours Term: Do you note if a patient has not fasted? Definition: YES! Term: 2nd order of draw tube color is Definition: Light blue Term: Light blue tube has what additive Definition: Sodium Citrate Different ratios Term: Light blue tubes MUST be inverted how many times Definition: 5 to 10 Term: Light blue tubes are used to test Definition: coagulation determinations on plasma specimens. * Certain test requires chilled specimens* Always fill to MAX fill line Term: 3rd order of draw tube color is Definition: Tiger top or gold top (gold in Utah) Term: Tiger top / Gold top tubes have what additives Definition: Clot activator - (silica in Utah) or glass particles Fixotropic gel Term: Blood coagulates with additive in