I PU BIOLOGY NOTES
CONTENT
UNIT I – Diversity in the living world 3- 56
Chapter 1 : The living world 3-9
Chapter 2 :Biological classification 10-20
Chapter 3 :Plant kingdom 21-36
Chapter 4 :Animal kingdom 37-56
UNIT II – Structural organisation in plants and animal 57-115
Chapter 5 :Morphology of flowering plants 57-77
Chapter 6 :Anatomy of flowering plants 78-96
Chapter 7 :Structural organisation in animals 97-115
UNIT III – Cell- Structure and function 116-144
Chapter 8 : Cell -The unit of life 116-129
Chapter 9 : Biomolecules 130-136
Chapter 10 :Cell cycle and cell division 137-144
UNIT IV :Plant physiology 145-192
Chapter 11 : Transport in plants 145-154
Chapter 12 :Mineral nutrition 155 -161
Chapter 13 :Photosynthesis in higher plants 162-174
Chapter 14 :Respiration in plants 175-183
Chapter 15 :Plant growth and development 184-192
UNIT V – Human physiology 193-255
Chapter 16 :Digestion and absorption 193-200
BGS PU COLLEGE,
,Chapter 17 : Breathing and exchange of gases 201-208
Chapter 18 :Body fluid and circulation 209-218
Chapter 19 :Excretoty products and their eliminations 219-226
Chapter 20 :Locomotion and movement 227-236
Chapter 21 : Neural control and coordination 237-246
Chapter 22 : Chemical coordination and integration 247-255
, Lesson 1- THE LIVING WORLD
Biology is a branch of science which deals with the study of living organism. Biology is broadly
classified into two main branches.
1. Botany: It is the main branch of biology which deals with the study of plants.
2. Zoology: It is the main branch of biology which deals with study of animals.
“Father of Biology is Aristotle”.
“Father of Botany is Theophrastus”.
“Father of Biology is Aristotle”.
The living world includes incredible number of diverse and fascinating organisms. Living
organisms are found wherever the life is possible. They are found in cold climate, forest, desert,
ocean, lake and hot water spring. According to the modern biologists, the diversity of life forms on
earth evolved from simple ancestral cells that lived billion years ago, their ancestral cell arise from
non living substance through a process called chemical evolution. The first cell originate on earth
where anaerobic and heterotrophs. These heterotrophic organisms evolved due to course of time for
the development of cellular organism. These anaerobic organisms were prokaryotes which are
evolved into single cell. Eukaryotic organism later they give rise to multicellular organism and
subsequently more complex organisms are evolved.
Living
Non living things and living organisms are made up of three basic elements such as Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen, they are subjected to some physical laws such as gravitation, radiation,
variation and magnetism. Living organism differ from non living things in some fundamental
characteristics. One of the most important feature of living organism is the presence of protoplasm,
which is the important site where all important activities takes place.
Therefore Julian Huxley called protoplasm as ‘physical basis of life’ or ‘vehicle of vital
activity’.
Characteristic features of living organism.
All living organisms possess certain characters and such characters are not shown by non living
things. They are
, ✓ Definite shape and size: every living organism have definite shape and size.
✓ Growth and development: Growth is defined as permanent irreversible increasing size due to
cell division. Development is defined as it is a series of changes takesplace in organism
during life span.
✓ Reproduction: All living organism have power of reproduction. Reproduction can be defined
as the capability to produce young ones of similar kind.
Reproduction can be divided into two types
a.Asexual reproduction: It is type of reproduction in which there is no involvement of gametes
but they producing new individual.
• By budding
• By fragmentation
• By regeneration
b.Sexual reproduction: it is type of reproduction with involvement of gametes and producing
new individual. Eg: Human
1. Metabolism:Cells in the living organism shows chemical reactions results in the exchange of
material between organism and environment. Metabolism can be defined as the chemical
reaction takes place inside the body. They can be divided into two types
A.Anabolism: which helps to conversion of simpler substance to complex substance. Eg:
photosynthesis
B.Catabolism: In this process, complex substances are broken down into simpler one. Eg:
digestion and respiration
2. Locomotion and movement: All animals move from place to place is called locomotion. Plants
show movement by bending their body parts.
3. Response to external stimuli: The living organism response to external factors or stimuli. Eg:
Mimosa pudica
4. Adaptation: All the living organisms adjust to the changes in the environmental condition is
called adaptation.
Biodiversity :Biodiversity is nothing but collection of all forms of living organism or richness of
species. The term biodiversity was introduced by Walter and Rosen.
Classification of living organisms :Earth consists of varieties of living organism like
microorganism, fungi, plants and animals. The known and recorded member of species around 1.7
million and most of the organism yet to be identified and name them.
CONTENT
UNIT I – Diversity in the living world 3- 56
Chapter 1 : The living world 3-9
Chapter 2 :Biological classification 10-20
Chapter 3 :Plant kingdom 21-36
Chapter 4 :Animal kingdom 37-56
UNIT II – Structural organisation in plants and animal 57-115
Chapter 5 :Morphology of flowering plants 57-77
Chapter 6 :Anatomy of flowering plants 78-96
Chapter 7 :Structural organisation in animals 97-115
UNIT III – Cell- Structure and function 116-144
Chapter 8 : Cell -The unit of life 116-129
Chapter 9 : Biomolecules 130-136
Chapter 10 :Cell cycle and cell division 137-144
UNIT IV :Plant physiology 145-192
Chapter 11 : Transport in plants 145-154
Chapter 12 :Mineral nutrition 155 -161
Chapter 13 :Photosynthesis in higher plants 162-174
Chapter 14 :Respiration in plants 175-183
Chapter 15 :Plant growth and development 184-192
UNIT V – Human physiology 193-255
Chapter 16 :Digestion and absorption 193-200
BGS PU COLLEGE,
,Chapter 17 : Breathing and exchange of gases 201-208
Chapter 18 :Body fluid and circulation 209-218
Chapter 19 :Excretoty products and their eliminations 219-226
Chapter 20 :Locomotion and movement 227-236
Chapter 21 : Neural control and coordination 237-246
Chapter 22 : Chemical coordination and integration 247-255
, Lesson 1- THE LIVING WORLD
Biology is a branch of science which deals with the study of living organism. Biology is broadly
classified into two main branches.
1. Botany: It is the main branch of biology which deals with the study of plants.
2. Zoology: It is the main branch of biology which deals with study of animals.
“Father of Biology is Aristotle”.
“Father of Botany is Theophrastus”.
“Father of Biology is Aristotle”.
The living world includes incredible number of diverse and fascinating organisms. Living
organisms are found wherever the life is possible. They are found in cold climate, forest, desert,
ocean, lake and hot water spring. According to the modern biologists, the diversity of life forms on
earth evolved from simple ancestral cells that lived billion years ago, their ancestral cell arise from
non living substance through a process called chemical evolution. The first cell originate on earth
where anaerobic and heterotrophs. These heterotrophic organisms evolved due to course of time for
the development of cellular organism. These anaerobic organisms were prokaryotes which are
evolved into single cell. Eukaryotic organism later they give rise to multicellular organism and
subsequently more complex organisms are evolved.
Living
Non living things and living organisms are made up of three basic elements such as Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen, they are subjected to some physical laws such as gravitation, radiation,
variation and magnetism. Living organism differ from non living things in some fundamental
characteristics. One of the most important feature of living organism is the presence of protoplasm,
which is the important site where all important activities takes place.
Therefore Julian Huxley called protoplasm as ‘physical basis of life’ or ‘vehicle of vital
activity’.
Characteristic features of living organism.
All living organisms possess certain characters and such characters are not shown by non living
things. They are
, ✓ Definite shape and size: every living organism have definite shape and size.
✓ Growth and development: Growth is defined as permanent irreversible increasing size due to
cell division. Development is defined as it is a series of changes takesplace in organism
during life span.
✓ Reproduction: All living organism have power of reproduction. Reproduction can be defined
as the capability to produce young ones of similar kind.
Reproduction can be divided into two types
a.Asexual reproduction: It is type of reproduction in which there is no involvement of gametes
but they producing new individual.
• By budding
• By fragmentation
• By regeneration
b.Sexual reproduction: it is type of reproduction with involvement of gametes and producing
new individual. Eg: Human
1. Metabolism:Cells in the living organism shows chemical reactions results in the exchange of
material between organism and environment. Metabolism can be defined as the chemical
reaction takes place inside the body. They can be divided into two types
A.Anabolism: which helps to conversion of simpler substance to complex substance. Eg:
photosynthesis
B.Catabolism: In this process, complex substances are broken down into simpler one. Eg:
digestion and respiration
2. Locomotion and movement: All animals move from place to place is called locomotion. Plants
show movement by bending their body parts.
3. Response to external stimuli: The living organism response to external factors or stimuli. Eg:
Mimosa pudica
4. Adaptation: All the living organisms adjust to the changes in the environmental condition is
called adaptation.
Biodiversity :Biodiversity is nothing but collection of all forms of living organism or richness of
species. The term biodiversity was introduced by Walter and Rosen.
Classification of living organisms :Earth consists of varieties of living organism like
microorganism, fungi, plants and animals. The known and recorded member of species around 1.7
million and most of the organism yet to be identified and name them.
