Arborist Certification Study Guide Latest Update

Meristem - ANSWER Sites of rapid cell division in the shoot tips, root tips, and cambium. Apical meristem - ANSWER Meristems located at the end of the shoot are called primary, or _________ meristems Scales - ANSWER Buds are covered by _____________ that leave permanent scars on the twig when the buds break dormancy. These scars can be useful in tree ID. Apical dominance - ANSWER The tendency for terminal buds to inhibit the growth of lateral buds is called ______________. Leaves - ANSWER The food factories of trees are the ____________. Photosynthesis & Oxygen - ANSWER The process of _____________ combines carbon dioxide and water in a reaction driven by light to produce sugars. _________ is also a product of this reaction. Chlorophyll - ANSWER The green color of leaves is created by the presence of _____________, which is necessary for photosynthesis to take place. Transpiration - ANSWER ___________ is the loss of water vapor from the leaves. Stomata & Guard Cells - ANSWER The opening and closing of _________ allows for gas exchange, and transpiration is controlled by the ___________. Xylem & Phloem - ANSWER Water and dissolved essential minerals are transported within the tree in the ___________. The ____________ conducts carbohydrates. Cambium - ANSWER The ______________ is a layer of meristematic cells located between the phloem and the xylem. Branch collar & Branch bark ridge - ANSWER The ______ ________ is formed when trunk tissue grows around branch tissues. As the branch and trunk tissues expand against each other in the crotch, the __________ ______ ________ is formed. Bark - ANSWER ___________ protects the branches and trunk of a tree from mechanical injury and desiccation. Absorption, conduction, anchorage, and storage. - ANSWER Name four functions of the root system Osmosis - ANSWER Water enters young roots or mycorrhizal roots by a process called ______________. Tropism, Phototropism & Geotropism - ANSWER The orientation of growth in response to an external stimulus is called _____________. Two examples are ___________ and ____________. CODIT - ANSWER Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees Excurrent & Decurrent - ANSWER Trees with upright growth and a strong, central leader are said to exhibit ______________ growth. More rounded trees, which are often broader than they are tall, have ______________ growth habits. Mycorrhizae - ANSWER Roots and fungi called ___________ exist in a symbiotic relationship, which aids in the uptake of water and minerals. Respiration - ANSWER The process by which chemical energy, stored as sugar and starch, is released is called ______________. Deciduous & Evergreen - ANSWER Trees that lose their leaves in the fall are called _________. Trees that maintain their leaves for more than one year are called ___________. Twig anatomy - ANSWER twig anatomy Cross section of young stem - ANSWER Stem anatomy Auxin - ANSWER A plant hormone Cuticle - ANSWER Waxy covering of a leaf Petiole - ANSWER Stalk of a leaf Internode - ANSWER Between the nodes of a twig. Lenticel - ANSWER Small openings in stems for gas exchange. Ray - ANSWER Cells that cross the phloem and xylem for radial transport. Absorbing roots - ANSWER mostly located in the upper 12 inches of soil. Source - ANSWER Mature, green leaves -- sugar producers. Sink - ANSWER Uses more energy than it produces. Taxonomy - ANSWER The classification of plants is called __________. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species epithet - ANSWER List the levels of plant classification. The first letter of each term is given. Angiosperms and Gymnosperms - ANSWER ___________ are vascular plants whose seeds are covered (by an ovary). __________ are vascular plants with "naked seeds". Monocotyledons (or monocots) - ANSWER The term "dicotyledon (dicot)" refers to plants that have two seed leaves at germination. Grasses and palm trees belong to another group called _________ and have only one seed leaf. Nomenclature - ANSWER The naming of plants is called ___________. Form or growth habit Bark texture Leaves Flowers Fruit Seed Buds Leaf scars Scent - ANSWER Name five plant characteristics used to identify trees. Opposite leaves - ANSWER In temperate zones, most of the trees with opposite leaf arrangement fall into four genera represented by "MAD Buck", for Maple, Ash, Dogwood, and Buckeye. Alternate leaves - ANSWER Alternate leaves Whorled leaves - ANSWER Whorled leaves buckeye, horsechestnut (pictured) - ANSWER Name a tree with palmately compound leaves __________. Ash, walnut, Kentucky coffeetree, ailanthus, honeylocust - ANSWER Name a tree with pinnately compound leaves __________. Lobed leaf - ANSWER Compound leaf with serrate margins - ANSWER One - ANSWER A compound leaf with multiple leaflets will have _________ bud(s). ponderosa pine - ANSWER Give an example of a tree that has more than one common name: _____________.