NR 283 Exam 2 Review Questions and Answers latest solution

Exam 2 Review Questions and Answers Chapter 22, 23, 26 A nurse finds her patient up in the middle of the night gasping for air and needing to sit or stand to catch their breath. What does this patient have? A) Subjective Dyspnea B) Orthopnea C) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea D) Dyspnea on exertion A nurse finds her patient up in the middle of the night gasping for air and needing to sit or stand to catch their breath. What does this patient have? A) Subjective Dyspnea B) Orthopnea C) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea D) Dyspnea on exertion What is it called when a patient has a PaCO2 greater than normal because they are not expiring enough? A. Hypercapnia B. Hyperventilation C. Hypocapnia D. Clubbing What is it called when a patient has a PaCO2 greater than normal because they are not expiring enough? A. Hypercapnia B. Hyperventilation C. Hypocapnia D. Clubbing What breathing pattern is related to strenuous exercise and presents as an increased respiratory rate with large tidal volumes? A. Labored breathing B. Cheyne-Stokes Respirations C. Normal breathing D. Kussmaul Respirations What breathing pattern is related to strenuous exercise and presents as an increased respiratory rate with large tidal volumes? A. Labored breathing B. Cheyne-Stokes Respirations C. Normal breathing D. Kussmaul Respirations Hypoxemia is a lack of oxygen in the tissues True or False Hypoxemia is a lack of oxygen in the tissues True or False Which of the following can be a cause of hypoxemia? (select all that apply) A. Damage to the alveolocapillary membrane B. Atelectasis C. Pulmonary embolus D. Pneumonia Which of the following can be a cause of hypoxemia? (select all that apply) A. Damage to the alveolocapillary membrane B. Atelectasis C. Pulmonary embolus D. Pneumonia The presence of an excess amount of air in the pleural space causing a “one way valve” to develop would be known as what? A. Spontaneous Pneumothorax B. Flail chest C. Tension Pneumothorax D. Atelectasis The presence of an excess amount of air in the pleural space causing a “one way valve” to develop would be known as what? A. Spontaneous Pneumothorax B. Flail chest C. Tension Pneumothorax D. Atelectasis An increased amount of pus, cellular debris, and microorganisms in the pleural space would be known as what? A. Pulmonary edema B. Transudative pleural effusion C. Pneumonia D. Empyema An increased amount of pus, cellular debris, and microorganisms in the pleural space would be known as what? A. Pulmonary edema B. Transudative pleural effusion C. Pneumonia D. Empyema • A common cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome is • A) Cardiac Disease • B) Renal Disease • C) Sepsis • D) Compromised Chest Wall • A common cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome is • A) Cardiac Disease • B) Renal Disease • C) Sepsis • D) Compromised Chest Wall Why does ARDS lead to hypoxemia? Why does ARDS lead to hypoxemia? Because the alveolocapillary membrane gets injured and blood, cells, and debris get into the alveoli, and some alveoli collapse. When alveoli are filled with fluid or are collapsed they cannot participate in gas exchange, and oxygen will not get to the blood A nurse is educating her colleagues on the pathology of Emphysema. Which of the following statements is accurate? A. Excessive mucus production obstructs the small airways B. Inhalation of an allergen causes bronchospasm and mucus production C. Obstruction and air trapping results from tissue changes rather than mucus production D. Caused by a community acquired or nosocomial bacteria A nurse is educating her colleagues on the pathology of Emphysema. Which of the following statements is accurate? A. Excessive mucus production obstructs the small airways B. Inhalation of an allergen causes bronchospasm and mucus production C. Obstruction and air trapping results from tissue changes rather than mucus production D. Caused by a community acquired or nosocomial bacteria Emphysema can be caused by which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Cigarette smoke B. Air pollutants C. Increased mucus glands D. Deficiency of an enzyme Emphysema can be caused by which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Cigarette smoke B. Air pollutants C. Increased mucus glands D. Deficiency of an enzyme A patient presents with fatigue, weightloss, anorexia, night sweats and general anxiety. The patient has also spent most of the last year homeless. This nurse suspects which disease process? A. Chronic Bronchitis B. Asthma C. Pulmonary edema D. Tuberculosis A patient presents with fatigue, weightloss, anorexia, night sweats and general anxiety. The patient has also spent most of the last year homeless. This nurse suspects which disease process? A. Chronic Bronchitis B. Asthma C. Pulmonary edema D. Tuberculosis A pulmonary emboli commonly arises from what? A. Pulmonary vein B. Deep vein in the arm C. Deep vein in the thigh D. Pulmonary artery A pulmonary emboli commonly arises from what? A. Pulmonary vein B. Deep vein in the arm C. Deep vein in the thigh D. Pulmonary artery Which one best describes cor pulmonale? A. It is high pressures in the vessels of the lung B. It will cause the left side of the heart to work harder than normal C. It is known as pulmonary heart disease D. Early signs include productive cough and wheezing Which one best describes cor pulmonale? A. It is high pressures in the vessels of the lung B. It will cause the left side of the heart to work harder than normal C. It is known as pulmonary heart disease D. Early signs include productive cough and wheezing Oxygenated blood flows through the what? A. Superior Vena Cava B. Pulmonary Veins C. Pulmonary Arteries D. Coronary Veins Oxygenated blood flows through the what? A. Superior Vena Cava B. Pulmonary Veins C. Pulmonary Arteries D. Coronary Veins • What is the equation for CO? • CO = x • What is CO telling us? • What affects cardiac output? • What is the equation for CO? • CO = _HR x SV • What is CO telling us? • How well my heart is performing/cardiac performance • What affects cardiac output? • Preload • Afterload • Contractility • Heart rate Cardiac Question Chronic venous insufficiency can progress to varicose veins True or False Chronic venous insufficiency can progress to varicose veins True or False, it’s the opposite Which of the following would be a part of Virchow’s Triad? (select all that apply) A. Immobility B. Use of birth control pills C. Damage to the valves in a vein D. History of varicose veins Which of the following would be a part of Virchow’s Triad? (select all that apply) A. Immobility-will lead to venous stasis B. Use of birth control pills -will cause hypercoagulability C. Damage to the valves in a vein-endothelial damage D. History of varicose veins Which of the following will not increase as a result of primary hypertension? A. Peripheral resistance B. Circulating Volume C. Salt and water excretion D. Arterial vasoconstriction Which of the following will not increase as a result of primary hypertension? A. Peripheral resistance B. Circulating Volume C. Salt and water excretion D. Arterial vasoconstriction Malignant hypertension is a chronic form of hypertension in which a patient has damage to the heart, kidney, brain, or eyes True or False Malignant hypertension is a chronic form of hypertension in which a patient has damage to the heart, kidney, brain, or eyes True or False Complicated HTN is the chronic form Malignant is the rapidly progressing form Which is true regarding aneurysms? A. Most common cause is infection B. A patient will always have symptoms with an aneurysm C. A saccular aneurysm produces outpouching on both sides of the vessel wall D. False aneurysms can occur related to hematoma formation Which is true regarding aneurysms? A. Most common cause is infection B. A patient will always have symptoms with an aneurysm C. A saccular aneurysm produces outpouching on both sides of the vessel wall D. False aneurysms can occur related to hematoma formation Decreasing a patient’s cholesterol can cause regression of atherosclerotic lesions and improve the function of the vessel walls True or False Decreasing a patient’s cholesterol can cause regression of atherosclerotic lesions and improve the function of the vessel walls True or False What is the progression of cell and plaque formation seen in atherosclerosis? What is the progression of cell and plaque formation seen in atherosclerosis? • Macrophages head to injured vessel site • Eat cholesterol and turn into a foam cell • Fatty streak – 1st plaque, group of foam cells – Reversible at this stage • Fibrous plaque – 2nd plaque, smooth muscle cells covering the fatty streak • Complicated plaque – 3rd plaque, ruptured plaque Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply enough to cause , a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood and oxygen A. infarction B. ischemia C. Acute coronary syndrome D. inflammation Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply enough to cause , a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood and oxygen A. infarction B. ischemia C. Acute coronary syndrome D. inflammation angina occurs because of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries A. Unstable B. Stable C. Silent D. Prinzmetal angina occurs because of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries A. Unstable B. Stable C. Silent D. Prinzmetal Which of these is a sign of impending cardiac death? A. Prinzmetal angina B. Silent ischemia C. Unstable Angina D. Stable Angina Which of these is a sign of impending cardiac death? A. Prinzmetal angina B. Silent ischemia C. Unstable Angina D. Stable Angina Constrictive Pericarditis results in what? A. Damage to the myocardium B. Inflammation of the pericardium C. Calcification of the pericardium D. Thinning of pericardial sac Constrictive Pericarditis results in what? A. Damage to the myocardium B. Inflammation of the pericardium C. Calcification of the pericardium D. Thinning of pericardial sac What are we most concerned about with a patient who has a pericardial effusion? A. Increased blood pressure B. Development of an aneurysm C. Development of tamponade D. Infection What are we most concerned about with a patient who has a pericardial effusion? A. Increased blood pressure B. Development of an aneurysm C. Development of tamponade D. Infection Which cardiomyopathy results in increased ventricular size? A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy B. Restrictive cardiomyopathy C. Dilated cardiomyopathy D. Obstructive cardiomyopathy Which cardiomyopathy results in increased ventricular size? A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy B. Restrictive cardiomyopathy C. Dilated cardiomyopathy D. Obstructive cardiomyopathy Which disease will result in left atrial hypertrophy? A. Aortic stenosis B. Tricuspid Regurgitation C. Mitral Stenosis D. Aortic regurgitation Which disease will result in left atrial hypertrophy? A. Aortic stenosis B. Tricuspid Regurgitation C. Mitral Stenosis D. Aortic regurgitation Which of the following results in blood returning to the left ventricle? A. Mitral valve prolapse B. Aortic valve stenosis C. Mitral Valve regurgitation D. Aortic valve regurgitation Which of the following results in blood returning to the left ventricle? A. Mitral valve prolapse B. Aortic valve stenosis C. Mitral Valve regurgitation D. Aortic valve regurgitation Which of the following produces valve vegetations that can lead to emboli formation? A. Endocarditis B. Pericarditis C. Myocarditis D. Rheumatic Fever Which of the following produces valve vegetations that can lead to emboli formation? A. Endocarditis B. Pericarditis C. Myocarditis D. Rheumatic Fever With heart failure, left ventricular preload is? A. Decreased B. Increased C. Stays the same D. Increased, then decreased With heart failure, left ventricular preload is? A. Decreased B. Increased C. Stays the same D. Increased, then decreased Left sided heart failure will result in what kind of manifestations? Why? Left sided heart failure will result in what kind of manifestations? Manifestations in the lung – dyspnea, DOE, orthopnea, cough with frothy sputum, pulmonary edema and crackles Why? Because the left ventricle is failing, fluid backs up into the left atrium, the pulmonary vein, and eventually the lungs