WGU C785 BIOCHEMISTRY
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - (answer)amino group (NH2 or
NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? -
(answer)Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH.
Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - (answer)ionic,
hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - (answer)Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into
helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain
interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - (answer)hydrophobic - temperature change,
ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - (answer)hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - (answer)Extreme temp can cause hydrogen
bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - (answer)Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form
= loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? - (answer)Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy: - (answer)Power derived fro chemical interaction
,what are covalent bonds? - (answer)chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? - (answer)bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - (answer)weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino? - (answer)piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? - (answer)piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? - (answer)Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? - (answer)Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? - (answer)strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? - (answer)amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide - (answer)polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? - (answer)Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? - (answer)adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? - (answer)twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? - (answer)folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? - (answer)loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme
salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? - (answer)clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins
leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
, how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - (answer)bind with substrates to decrease activation energy
required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - (answer)decrease activation energy and
decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - (answer)enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts
the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is
released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - (answer)High heat, pH change, high salt
concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor? - (answer)Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? - (answer)Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape
= preventing substrate from binding with enzyme
what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme
2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited. - (answer)Inhibitor would cause a build up for
product B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
what is substrate? - (answer)the substance on which an enzyme acts
what is a product? - (answer)result of a reaction
what is an intermediate? - (answer)products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product
what is an active site? - (answer)location where substrate binds with enzyme
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - (answer)amino group (NH2 or
NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? -
(answer)Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH.
Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - (answer)ionic,
hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - (answer)Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into
helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain
interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - (answer)hydrophobic - temperature change,
ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - (answer)hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - (answer)Extreme temp can cause hydrogen
bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - (answer)Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form
= loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? - (answer)Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy: - (answer)Power derived fro chemical interaction
,what are covalent bonds? - (answer)chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? - (answer)bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - (answer)weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino? - (answer)piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? - (answer)piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? - (answer)Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? - (answer)Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? - (answer)strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? - (answer)amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide - (answer)polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? - (answer)Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? - (answer)adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? - (answer)twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? - (answer)folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? - (answer)loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme
salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? - (answer)clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins
leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
, how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - (answer)bind with substrates to decrease activation energy
required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - (answer)decrease activation energy and
decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - (answer)enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts
the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is
released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - (answer)High heat, pH change, high salt
concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor? - (answer)Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? - (answer)Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape
= preventing substrate from binding with enzyme
what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme
2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited. - (answer)Inhibitor would cause a build up for
product B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
what is substrate? - (answer)the substance on which an enzyme acts
what is a product? - (answer)result of a reaction
what is an intermediate? - (answer)products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product
what is an active site? - (answer)location where substrate binds with enzyme
