APES –EVERYTHING. 100% Coverage, rated A+

APES –EVERYTHING. 100% Coverage, rated A+ Environment - -the sum of all conditions surrounding us that influence life Environmental Science - -The field that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature System - -any set of interacting components that influence one another by exchanging energy or materials Ecosystem - -particular location on Earth whose interacting components include biotic and abiotic components Environmental Studies - -Includes subjects environmental policies, economics, literature, ethics, chemistry, biology, Earth science How long have humans lived on earth? - -2.5 mil years Postitive Human Activites - -Native Americans on Great Plains used fire to capture animals for food, these fires kept trees from encroaching on plains allowing a window for an entire ecosystem to develop. Technology + Dramatic human population growth =? - -increase rate and scale of our global environmental impact How Do Humans Alter Natural Systems? - -modern cities - electricity, running water, sewage systems, public transportations. Cities also cover land that was once natural habitat so species living there relocate or go extinct. Ecosystem Services - -the processes by which life supporting resources such as clean, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced. 5 Global Scale Indicators - -1. Biological Diversity 2. Food Production 3. Average global surface temp & CO2 in Atmosphere 4. Human Population 5. Resource depletion Genetic Diversity - -A measure of genetic variation among individuals in a population. Species Diversity - -number of species in a region / particular type of habitat Why are frogs important? - -used to study land and water habitats Speciation - -evolution of a new species (slow process) 1-3 new species a year world wide. How many species go extinct each year? - -10,000+ What does loss in biodiversity tell us? - -natural systems are facing strains unlike any in the recent past Food Production - -our ability to grow food to nourish human population. What factors influence worldwide grain production - -irrigation, human labor/energy, climatic conditions, amount/quality of land. Why has grain production not kept up with population growth? - -1. productivity of agricultural ecosystems down bc of soil degradation, crop disease and unfavorable weather conditions. 2. Demand outpaces supply What has lead to the increase in atmospheric CO2? - -Anthropogenic activity Examples of finite resources - -coal, oil, uranium What happened on Easter Island? - --was once covered with trees and grasses -when humans settled hundreds of years ago, they quickly multiplied, cut down tress to build, and overused islands soil and water resources -without trees to hold soil in place, massive erosion occurred and loss of soil caused food production to decrease -civilization did not survive. Sustainable development - -development that balances current human well being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations Environmental science presents unique challenges (4) - -1. Lack of baseline data (control) 2. Subjectivity 3. Interactions 4. Human well-being Matter - -anything that occupies space Mass - -a measure of the amount of matter it contains Weight - -the force that results from the action of gravity on mass Atom - -smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element Element - -substance composed of atoms hat cannot be broken down any smaller Molecules - -particles containing more than one atom Compounds - -molecules that contain more than 1 element Atomic # - -number of protons Mass # - -total number of protons + neutrons Isotope - -atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons Radioactive Decay - -the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus Half Life - -the time it takes for one-half of the original radioactive parent atoms to decay Covalent Bonds - -Elements that do not readily gain or lose electrons from compounds by sharing electrons Ionic Bonds - -transfer of electrons from a cation (+ charged ion) and anion (-charged ion) Hydrogen Bonds - -weak bond that forms when H atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule Water is polar - -one side is more positive hat the other Water Properties - -surface tension, capillary action, high boiling point, and ability to dissolve different substances Acid - -substance that contributes H+ ions to solution Bases - -substance that contributes OH- ions to solution HNO3 and H2So4 - -(Acids) primary constituents of acid deposition. 1 form is acid rain NaOH and (Ca(OH)2) - -(Bases) used to neutralize acidic emissions from power plants Conservation of matter - -matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form Biological Molecules - -Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids What does the sun emit? - -electro magnetic radiation Joule - -amount of energy used when a 1-watt lightbulb is turned on for 1 second measure energy Power - -rate at which work is done Energy =? - -power x time Power = ? - -energy/time Potential Energy - -Energy that is stored but has not yet been released Kinetic Energy - -energy in motion Chemical Energy - -potential energy stored in bonds Temperature - -the measure of average kinetic energy 1st Law of Thermodynamics - -Energy can neither be created nor destroyed (energy is conserved) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - -When energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same but its ability to do work diminishes Entropy - -randomness is always increasing in a system, unless new energy from outside the system is added to create order