NCE/LPC Exam DETAILED Study Guide

Ego's need for immediate gratification. Correct Answer: Pleasure Principle The cause or ____________of abnormal behavior is difficult to determine in most cases. Correct Answer: Etiology An individual who is happy,autonomous, & creative has reached ______________. Correct Answer: Self-actualization This is necessary from parents for children to develop healthy concepts. (Rogers) Correct Answer: Unconditional Positive Regard Accomplished by rewarding success of desired behavior. Correct Answer: Shaping Learning method involving the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses. Correct Answer: Classical Conditioning A behavior modification used to establish new behavior. Correct Answer: reinforcement The designations "common," "personal," & "cardinal" refer to ______________. Correct Answer: Trait Theory Individuals are in an interactional relationship with their environment. Correct Answer: contextual worldview Freud believed human behavior is mainly motivated by the psychosexual energy called __________. Correct Answer: libido Relearning by using a particular stimulus to establish a new, more adaptive response Correct Answer: counter conditioning Idea that there are many different ways to interpret events, each one leading to different behaviors. Correct Answer: Kelly's concept of Constructive Alternativism A severe psychological disorder involving loss of contact with reality. Correct Answer: Psychosis Process of development and body change resulting from heredity rather than learning. Correct Answer: Maturation Vicarious conditioning occurs through observed________. Correct Answer: modeling The unpleasantness of _________motivates individuals to avoid or reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure. Correct Answer: cognitive dissonance Used by individuals to maintain feelings of adequacy and self-worth rather than coping directly with a stressful situation. Correct Answer: defense mechanisms Used to help reduce anxiety experienced by an agoraphobic client. Correct Answer: systematic desensitization Skinner believes the social environment provides a variety of __________to help shape human behavior. Correct Answer: consequences Patterns of ____________that may be organic, psychological, or sociocultural in origin. Correct Answer: abnormal behavior The tendency toward subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance. Correct Answer: Jung's theory of Introversion Behavior modification programs in schools/group homes used to motivate participants. Correct Answer: token economy This approach to human functioning stresses the importance of each individual's perception of reality. Correct Answer: Phenomenological Emphasizes the importance of genetic and physical contributors to maladaptive behavior. Correct Answer: biological viewpoint Use of family constellation Correct Answer: Adler traits and values Correct Answer: Allport vicarious conditioning Correct Answer: Bandura 16 Personality Factor Questionairre Correct Answer: Cattell stage theory of development Correct Answer: Erikson Cognitive dissonance Correct Answer: Festinger id, ego, superego Correct Answer: Freud introversion-extroversion Correct Answer: Jung cognitive meaning making Correct Answer: Kegan Role Construct Repertory Test Correct Answer: Kelly Justice Reasoning & Moral development Correct Answer: Kohlberg Life Space Correct Answer: Lewin seven-stage ego development Correct Answer: Loevinger Self-actualization Correct Answer: Maslow Thematic apperception test Correct Answer: Murray Russian Psychologist Correct Answer: Pavlov dualism, relativism, & commitment Correct Answer: Perry original child psychologist Correct Answer: Piaget actualizing tendency Correct Answer: Rogers principle of reinforcement Correct Answer: Skinner interpersonal personality theory Correct Answer: Sullivan stimulus-response-consequence Correct Answer: Thorndike father of American behaviorism Correct Answer: Watson systematic desensitization Correct Answer: Wolpe The main factor in defining a minority. Correct Answer: Oppression In order to better serve Hispanic American clients, counselors should be__________& _____________. Correct Answer: bilingual and bicultural Counselors who do not resolve their own__________will undermine their own work with minority clients. Correct Answer: prejudice The "Superwoman Syndrome" is an exampe of ______. Correct Answer: role strain When too many demands come from various areas of a person's life this results. Correct Answer: role conflict Sex role ___________ is unhealthy, where ___________promotes better functioning. Correct Answer: stereotyping, androgyny Times of change from one role or stage to the next are referred to as ______________. Correct Answer: transitions ______________ or __________________makes employment, housing, medical, and other services difficult to obtain. Correct Answer: Discrimination against elderly, ageism This is detrimental to a counselor's work with gay men or lesbian women. Correct Answer: homophobia In determining treatment situations for clients, counselors should look for _____________. Correct Answer: least restrictive environment Public law 94-192 improved services for children with ________________. Correct Answer: disabilities _____________or ________________ are more distinct in early life and more alike in the elderly. Correct Answer: Gender roles, Sex roles In building rapport with minority clients, counselors need to be aware of ___________. Correct Answer: nonverbal communication Child, parent, & grandparent are the major ________. Correct Answer: family roles Females actually have greater ___________ than males. Correct Answer: verbal ability The balance between work life, family life, and leisure. Correct Answer: role integration _______________ dictate the customs, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular racial or ethnic group. Correct Answer: culture-bound values Culture conflict is a major issue for many _________. Correct Answer: Asian Americans Pessimism, stoicism, & laziness are stereotypes of ______________. Correct Answer: Native Americans The counselor must accurately diagnose the problem taking cultural norms into consideration before Correct Answer: effective intervention can take place. The belief that clients should change to fit the environment. Correct Answer: autoplastic view The belief tht suggests changing the outside world. Correct Answer: Alloplastic view Counselors are often called to collaborate with medical and legal personnel when dealing with Correct Answer: abuse As nontraditional families increase, the traditional_____________ is declining. Correct Answer: nuclear family This decreases as one's age increases. Correct Answer: cohort group Lesbians and gays reveal their sexual orientation to themselves and/or others. Correct Answer: The process of coming out grieving process Correct Answer: Kubler-Ross emic-etic dilemma Correct Answer: Draguns life-career rainbow Correct Answer: Super primarily from China, Japan, & the Phillipines Correct Answer: Asian Americans life review therapy Correct Answer: Butler American Indian, Alaska Native, and New Indian Correct Answer: Native Americans primarily African Correct Answer: Black Americans developmental stages Correct Answer: Erikson MID model Correct Answer: Atkinson, Morten, & Sue Sex Role Inventory Correct Answer: Bem primarily Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican Correct Answer: Hispanic Americans five life-span eras Correct Answer: Levinson This may be basic, additive, or subtractive. Correct Answer: empathy This treatment focuses on the client's past. Correct Answer: psychoanalysis When counselors accept and value clients without reservation, they demonstrate __________. Correct Answer: UPR This type of therapy insists that clients take full responsibility for their actions. Correct Answer: reality Humanistic counselors believe clients are inherently moving towards ____________. Correct Answer: self-actualization This relationship is voluntary, professional, and egalitarian. Correct Answer: consultation Counselors who consistently behave in accordance with their own values and perceptions are showing Correct Answer: genuiness.